Exam 3 Material (Emotion Lecture)

Question 1

Emotions can be defined in terms of what three components?

Answer 1

1. Appraisal, 2. Action, 3. Feeling

Question 2

Emotional situations arouses which nervous system?

Answer 2

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Question 3

What theory of emotion suggests that actions precede feelings/emotions are the labels given to the action response/emotional feelings result from the body’s action?

Answer 3

The James-Lange theory

Question 4

The James-Lange theory leads to what predictions?

Answer 4

1. People with a weak autonomic or skeletal response should feel less emotion
2. Increasing one’s response should enhance an emotion

Question 5

What are some of the functions of emotions?

Answer 5

1. Adaptive behavioral values (fear leads to escape, anger lead to attack, etc.)
2. Affect the way we perceive the world (increased attention to emotional stimuli)
3. Decision making (allow us to make quick decisions/helps us make moral decisions)

Question 6

What brain structure assists with making moral/gut decisions?

Answer 6

Prefrontal cortex (especially ventromedial PFC)

Question 7

What is traditionally thought to be important for emotion?

Answer 7

Limbic system

Question 8

What brain area is associated with anticipating sexual stimuli, viewing sexual stimuli, and having an orgasm?

Answer 8

Ventral striatum and mPFC

Question 9

What brain area is specialized to process and strongly attend to facial expressions/fear/sexual arousal/money/good tasting food?

Answer 9

Amygdala

Question 10

What brain area is activated by facial expressions of disgust and disgusting stimuli (because it is the primary taste cortex/taste is linked to disgust)?

Answer 10

The insula

Question 11

What brain activity tracks autonomic activity/the experience of emotion?

Answer 11

Insula

Question 12

What brain areas are active in anticipation of threat?

Answer 12

Insula and amygdala

Question 13

Which hemisphere of the brain is associated with “approach” motivated behavior?

Answer 13

Left hemisphere

Question 14

What is marked by low to moderate arousal/can characterize either happiness or anger?

Answer 14

Behavioral Activation System (BAS)

Question 15

Which hemisphere of the brain is associated with “withdraw” motivated behaviors?

Answer 15

Right hemisphere

Question 16

What increases attention and arousal/inhibits action (withdraw)/stimulates emotions such as fear and disgust?

Answer 16

Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

Question 17

Which hemisphere of the brain is associated with happier, more out-going, friendlier, and positive personalities?

Answer 17

Greater left hemisphere activity

Question 18

Which hemisphere of the brain is associated with socially withdrawn, less satisfied, and negative personalities?

Answer 18

Greater right hemisphere

Question 19

Attack and escape behaviors are closely related to in what ways (corresponding behaviors include anger and fear)?

Answer 19

Physiologically and behaviorally

Question 20

Attack behaviors are associated with what brain area?

Answer 20

Amygdala (corticomedial area in particular)

Question 21

Environmental factors associated with increased violent tendencies include:

Answer 21

• Exposure to lead
• Witness or victim of violence in childhood
• Living in a violent neighborhood

Question 22

Which type of twins are more similar with regard to violent and criminal behavior?

Answer 22

Monozygotic twins

Question 23

What theory states that violence depends on testosterone, cortisol, and serotonin (Aggression levels are highest when cortisol levels are low are high/serotonin tends to inhibit violent impulses)?

Answer 23

Triple imbalance hypothesis

Question 24

What alters peoples’ response to stimuli (increased amygdala response to angry expressions/decreases cortical identification and regulation)?

Answer 24

Testosterone

Question 25

What is a serotonin metabolite found in the CSF, blood, and urine related to serotonin turnover (higher levels of this imply greater serotonin release and turnover)?

Answer 25

5-HIAA

Question 26

In humans, ____ serotonin turnover has been linked to: - A history of violent behavior and violent crime - Attempted suicide by violent means - Recurrent violent behaviors

Answer 26

Low serotonin

Question 27

Violence seems to depend on the combination of (aggression levels are highest when cortisol levels are low and testerone levels are high/serotonin tends to inhibit violent impulses):

Answer 27

1. Testosterone 2. Cortisol 3. Serotonin

Question 28

What is one of the main brain areas for integrating both environmental and genetic influences and regulating current levels of anxiety (responds to something important)?

Answer 28

Amygdala

Question 29

What regulates long-term, generalized emotional arousal (amygdala output/if a person is attacked or has a fearful experience, he or she becomes fearful in a wide variety of circumstances)?

Answer 29

Bed nucleus of the stria terminals

Question 30

What is a fast response to unexpected loud noises (auditory information stimulates the pons)?

Answer 30

Startle reflex

Question 31

Output from the amygdala to the hypothalamus controls what?

Answer 31

Autonomic fear responses

Question 32

Axons extending from the amygdala to the prefrontal cortex regulates what?

Answer 32

Approach and avoidance responses

Question 33

fMRI studies suggest the amygdala responds strongly to what?

Answer 33

Emotional stimuli/facial expressions (amygdala responds to nonconscious stimuli)

Question 34

Amygdala activity is strongest when the meaning is what?

Answer 34

Unclear and ambiguous (requires further processing/fearful faces)

Question 35

What is a rare genetic condition that causes calcium to build up in the amygdala until it wastes away?

Answer 35

Urbach-Wiethe disease

Question 36

Damage to what brain area interferes with: - The learning of (new) fear responses - Retention of fear responses previously learned - Interpreting or understanding stimuli with emotional consequences - Experiencing fear - Recognizing fear in others (e.g., fearful faces) - Inability to look at the eye region in fearful expressions - Inability to draw fearful expressions

Answer 36

Amygdala

Question 37

The anterior insular cortex is associated with what (insula activity tracks the subjective experience of emotion)?

Answer 37

Introspection

Question 38

What is a function of the ITC?

Answer 38

Pairs the CS and US pathway together