Exam 4 Material (Learning and Memory)

Question 1

What is the pairing of two stimuli (changes the response to one of them)?

Answer 1

Classical conditioning

Question 2

Where in the brain does eye-blink (classical) conditioning occur?

Answer 2

Cerebellum

Question 3

Where in the brain does fear conditioning occur?

Answer 3

Amygdala

Question 4

What conditioning responses are followed by reinforcement or punishment that either strengthens or weakens the behavior?

Answer 4

Operant conditioning

Question 5

What increases the probability that that response (operant conditioning) will occur again?

Answer 5

Reinforcers

Question 6

What decreases the probability that the response (operant conditioning) will occur again?

Answer 6

Punishment

Question 7

What is a physical representation of learning/memory?

Answer 7

Engram

Question 8

What patient had great difficulty forming new long-term memories (showed massive anterograde amnesia), had difficulty with episodic/declarative memory, and also displayed greater “implicit” than “explicit” memory?

Answer 8

H.M.

Question 9

What is the loss of the ability to form new memories after brain damage?

Answer 9

Anterograde amnesia

Question 10

What is the loss of memory events prior to the occurrence of brain damage?

Answer 10

Retrograde amnesia

Question 11

What is the deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory (hippocampus-dependent)?

Answer 11

Explicit memory (declarative and episodic)

Question 12

What is the influence of recent experience on behavior without realizing one is using memory (basal ganglia dependent)?

Answer 12

Implicit memory

Question 13

What is the ability to recall single personal events?

Answer 13

Episodic memory

Question 14

What is the ability to state memory into words?

Answer 14

Declarative memory

Question 15

What is the ability to develop motor skills (remembering or learning how to do things)?

Answer 15

Procedural memory

Question 16

What memory is remembering the detail and context of an event?

Answer 16

Contextual learning

Question 17

What brain area is associated with fear learning?

Answer 17

Amygdala

Question 18

What brain area is associated with conditioning?

Answer 18

Cerebellum

Question 19

What brain area is associated with piecing information together (episodic recall)?

Answer 19

Parietal lobe

Question 20

What brain areas are associated with semantic memory?

Answer 20

Anterior and inferior temporal lobe

Question 21

What brain area is associated with perceptual learning?

Answer 21

Sensory cortex

Question 22

How does variability in hippocampal size relate to bird food storage?

Answer 22

The bigger the hippocampus, the more likely the bird is to store more food

Question 23

What occurs when the successful stimulation of a cell by an axon leads to the enhanced ability to stimulate that cell in the future (“cells that fire together, wire together”)?

Answer 23

Hebbian synapse

Question 24

What is a decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly and accompanied by no change in other stimuli?

Answer 24

Habituation

Question 25

What is an increase in response to a mild stimulus as a result of previous exposure to more intense stimuli?

Answer 25

Sensitization

Question 26

What occurs when one or more axons bombard a dendrite with stimulation (leaves the synapse “potentiated”/strengthened for a period of time and the neuron is more responsive)?

Answer 26

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Question 27

What is a prolonged decrease in response at a synapse (the opposite of LTP; as one synapse strengthens, another weakens)?

Answer 27

Long-term depression (LTD)

Question 28

What in hippocampal neurons occurs as follows:

1. ) Glutamate excites AMPA receptors: depolarization
2. ) Depolarization removes magnesium ions blocking NMDA receptors
3. ) Glutamate excites NMDA receptors, Ca+ enters
4. ) Ca+ entry triggers further changes (activates protein kinases)
5. ) CaMKII——series of reactions—–CREB
6. ) Increase in AMPA receptors and dendritic branching
7. ) Changes increase the responsiveness of the cell

Answer 28

LTP in hippocampal neurons

Question 29

______ induced changes to gene expression produce changes in the POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON that increase the later responsiveness of the dendrite to glutamate:

1. ) Increase in NUMBER of AMPA receptors
2. ) Movement of original AMPA receptors to a more effective LOCATION (s)
3. ) Increase in DENDRITIC BRANCHING and number of DENDRITIC SPINES
4. ) Phosphorylation of existing AMPA receptors to make them MORE RESPONSIVE

Answer 29

CREB-induced