Exam 4 Material (Learning and Memory) Flashcards
What is the pairing of two stimuli (changes the response to one of them)?
Classical conditioning
Where in the brain does eye-blink (classical) conditioning occur?
Cerebellum
Where in the brain does fear conditioning occur?
Amygdala
What conditioning responses are followed by reinforcement or punishment that either strengthens or weakens the behavior?
Operant conditioning
What increases the probability that that response (operant conditioning) will occur again?
Reinforcers
What decreases the probability that the response (operant conditioning) will occur again?
Punishment
What is a physical representation of learning/memory?
Engram
What patient had great difficulty forming new long-term memories (showed massive anterograde amnesia), had difficulty with episodic/declarative memory, and also displayed greater “implicit” than “explicit” memory?
H.M.
What is the loss of the ability to form new memories after brain damage?
Anterograde amnesia
What is the loss of memory events prior to the occurrence of brain damage?
Retrograde amnesia
What is the deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory (hippocampus-dependent)?
Explicit memory (declarative and episodic)
What is the influence of recent experience on behavior without realizing one is using memory (basal ganglia dependent)?
Implicit memory
What is the ability to recall single personal events?
Episodic memory
What is the ability to state memory into words?
Declarative memory
What is the ability to develop motor skills (remembering or learning how to do things)?
Procedural memory
What memory is remembering the detail and context of an event?
Contextual learning
What brain area is associated with fear learning?
Amygdala
What brain area is associated with conditioning?
Cerebellum
What brain area is associated with piecing information together (episodic recall)?
Parietal lobe
What brain areas are associated with semantic memory?
Anterior and inferior temporal lobe
What brain area is associated with perceptual learning?
Sensory cortex
How does variability in hippocampal size relate to bird food storage?
The bigger the hippocampus, the more likely the bird is to store more food
What occurs when the successful stimulation of a cell by an axon leads to the enhanced ability to stimulate that cell in the future (“cells that fire together, wire together”)?
Hebbian synapse
What is a decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly and accompanied by no change in other stimuli?
Habituation
What is an increase in response to a mild stimulus as a result of previous exposure to more intense stimuli?
Sensitization
What occurs when one or more axons bombard a dendrite with stimulation (leaves the synapse “potentiated”/strengthened for a period of time and the neuron is more responsive)?
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
What is a prolonged decrease in response at a synapse (the opposite of LTP; as one synapse strengthens, another weakens)?
Long-term depression (LTD)
What in hippocampal neurons occurs as follows:
- ) Glutamate excites AMPA receptors: depolarization
- ) Depolarization removes magnesium ions blocking NMDA receptors
- ) Glutamate excites NMDA receptors, Ca+ enters
- ) Ca+ entry triggers further changes (activates protein kinases)
- ) CaMKII——series of reactions—–CREB
- ) Increase in AMPA receptors and dendritic branching
- ) Changes increase the responsiveness of the cell
LTP in hippocampal neurons
______ induced changes to gene expression produce changes in the POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON that increase the later responsiveness of the dendrite to glutamate:
- ) Increase in NUMBER of AMPA receptors
- ) Movement of original AMPA receptors to a more effective LOCATION (s)
- ) Increase in DENDRITIC BRANCHING and number of DENDRITIC SPINES
- ) Phosphorylation of existing AMPA receptors to make them MORE RESPONSIVE
CREB-induced
