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Physiology > Exam 4 - Joints > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Articulation (joint)

A

place where 2 bones come together

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2
Q

Arthrology

A

study of joints

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3
Q

Kinesiology

A

study of musculoskeletal movement

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4
Q

How are joints classified?

A

By substance “between” adjacent bones and “flexibility”

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5
Q

Joint classifications

A 
SSAD
Bony - synostosis
Fibrous - synarthrosis
Cartilaginous - Amphiarthrosis
Synovial - Diarthrosis
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6
Q

Synostosis

A

no movement because joint disappears

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7
Q

Synarthrosis

A

little or no movement

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8
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

slightly moveable

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9
Q

Diarthrosis

A

freely movable

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10
Q

What makes up the joint capsule?

A

fibrous capsule and synovial membrane

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11
Q

Fibrous capsule

A

dense irregular connective tissue, continuous w/ fibrous layer of the periosteum
- portions may thicken to from ligaments

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12
Q

Tendons attach…

A

muscle to bone

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13
Q

Ligaments attach…

A

bone to bone

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14
Q

Synovial membrane

A

membrane lines inside of joint capsule EXCEPT at actual articulation of articular cartilages

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15
Q

Synovial fluid

A

complex mixture of polysaccharides, HYALURONIC ACID, proteins, fat, and cells

  • slippery and serves as lubricant
  • also “feeds” cartilage (cartilage doesn’t have a blood supply)
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16
Q

Bursa

A

saclike extension of joint capsule (pockets of synovial membrane)
- lie between nearby structures so they can slide more easily past each other

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17
Q

Tendon sheaths

A

cylinders of connective tissue lined w/ synovial membrane and wrapped around a tendon

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18
Q

Shoulder joint axes

A

Has 3 degrees of freedom = multiaxial joint

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19
Q

6 classes of synovial joints

A
  1. ball and socket
  2. pivot joint
  3. saddle joint
  4. hinge joint
  5. gliding joint
  6. condyloid joint
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20
Q

Range of motion

A

degrees through which a joint can move

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21
Q

What determines range of motion?

A
  • articular surfaces
  • strength and tautness of ligaments, tendons, and capsule
  • action of muscles and tendons
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22
Q

Stretching of ligaments

A

increases range of motion

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23
Q

“double-jointed” people

A

have long or slack ligaments

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24
Q

Lever

A

rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called a FULCRUM

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25
Q

When does movement occur?

A

When EFFORT overcomes RESISTANCE

- resistance arm and effort arm are described relative to fulcrum

26
Q

Classes of levers:

A

FRE

27
Q

First class level

A

Load FULCRUM Effort

28
Q

Second class lever

A

Fulcrum RESISTANCE/LOAD Effort

29
Q

Third class lever

A

Resistance/load EFFORT FULCRUM

30
Q

Types of lever produce either increase in…

A

speed or force

31
Q

Example of levers that help increase output of force

A

Human moving a heavy object w/ help of crowbar

32
Q

Levers that move objects further and faster

A

Movement of row boat w/ paddle

33
Q

Mechanical advantage equation

A

length of the effort arm divided by length of resistance arm

E/R

34
Q

MA = 1

A

no advantage or disadvantage

35
Q

MA < 1

A

disadvantage or low power, but high speed (effort arm is shorter than resistance arm)

36
Q

MA > 1

A

advantage or high power, but low speed (effort arm is longer than resistance arm)

37
Q

Flexion

A

decreases angle of a joint

38
Q

Extension

A

straightens and returns to the anatomical position

39
Q

Hyperextension

A

extension beyond 180 degrees

40
Q

Adduction

A

movement TOWARD THE MIDLINE

41
Q

Hyperadduction

A

crossing fingers

42
Q

Abduction

A

movement of a part AWAY FROM THE MIDLINE

43
Q

Hyperabduction

A

raise arm over back or front of head

44
Q

Elevation

A

movement that RAISES A BONE VERTICALLY

- mandibles are elevated during biting and clavicles during a shrug

45
Q

Depression

A

lowering the mandible or the shoulders

46
Q

Protraction

A

movement anteriorly on horizontal plane

- thrusting the jaw, shoulder or pelvis forward

47
Q

Retraction

A

movement posteriorly

48
Q

Circumduction

A

movement in which one end of appendage remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion
- REALLY A SEQUENCE OF FLEXION, ABDUCTION, EXTENSION, AND ADDUCTION MOVEMENTS

49
Q

Rotation

A

movement on longitudinal axis

50
Q

Medial roation

A

turns bone inwards

51
Q

Lateral rotation

A

turns bone outwards

52
Q

Supination in the forearm and foot

A
  • rotation of forearm so that the PALM FACES FORWARD

- plantar flexion, inversion and adduction of foot

53
Q

Pronation “pro dribbling a basketball” in the forearm and foot

A
  • rotation of forearm so the palm faces to the rear

- dorsiflexion, eversion and abduction of foot

54
Q

Radial flexion

A

toward the radius (toward the side of the thumb)

55
Q

Ulnar flexion

A

toward the ulna (away from thumb)

56
Q

What injuries in the ankles do we see more of?

A

Inversion

57
Q

Arthritis

A

broad term for PAIN AND INFLAMMATION OF JOINTS

58
Q

Osteoarthritis

A
  • results from years of joint wear
  • articular cartilage softens and degenerates
  • bone spurs develop on exposed bone tissue causing pain
  • not an inflammatory response
59
Q

Rheumatoid arthiritis

A

caused by an AUTOIMMUNE ATTACK ON JOINTS

  • antibodies attack synovial membrane, enzymes in synovial fluid DEGRADE THE CARTILAGE
  • inflammatory process
60
Q

Arhtroplasty

A

replacement of diseased joint w/ artificial device called PROSTHESIS

Physiology (13 decks)

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