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Physiology > Exam 4 - Bone 1 > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Bone 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of bone

A
  • Support
  • Protection: skull around brain; ribs, sternum, vertebrae, protect organs of thoracic cavity
  • Movement
  • Storage of Ca and P
  • Blood cell production
  • Enhances insulin effects
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2
Q

Osteocalcin

A

Secreted from osteoblasts

  • increases number of beta cells in pancreas
  • increases sensitivity in tissues to insulin WHILE INHIBITING WEIGHT GAIN
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3
Q

Dry weight of bone

A

1/3 organic

2/3 inorganic matter

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4
Q

Organic matter of bone

A

collagen
glycosaminoglycans
proteoglycans
glycoproteins

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5
Q

inorganic matter of bone

A

85% hydroxyapatite
10% calcium carbonate
other minerals (fluoride, potassium, magnesium)

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6
Q

Combination of organic and inorganic materials of bone

A

Provides strength and resilience

  • minerals resist COMPRESSION; collagen resist TENSION
  • bone adapts by varying proportions
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7
Q

If mineral is removed

A

bone is too bendable

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8
Q

if collagen is removed

A

bone is too brittle

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9
Q

osteogenic cells in endostium and periosteum…

A

give rise to NEW OSTEOBLASTS which arise from embryonic FIBROBLASTS

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10
Q

produce and may help mineralize organic matter of matrix

A

Osteoblasts

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11
Q

Osteoblasts trapped in the matrix they formed

A

OsteoCYTES

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12
Q

Other information about osteocytes

A
  • cells in lacunae connected by gap junctions inside canaliculi
  • CONTRIBUTE TO HEMOSTATIC MAINTENANCE OF BONE DENSITY and blood concentrations of calcium and phosphates
  • strain sensors: flow of extracellular fluid of lacunae and canaliculi results in remodeling if needed
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13
Q

Spaces occupied by osteocyte cell body

A

Lacunae

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14
Q

Canals occupied by osteocyte cell processes

A

Canaliculi

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15
Q

Share no common origin w/ other bone cells

A

OsteoCLASTS

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16
Q

basic structural unit of bone

A

osteon / Harvesian system

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17
Q

run PARALLEL to long axis

A

Central / Harvesian canals

18
Q

Concentric layers of compact bone tissue that surround central canal

A

Lamellae

19
Q

Perforating / Volkmann’s canal

A
  • runs PERPENDICULAR to long axis
  • both perforating and central canals contain blood vessels
  • DIRECT FLOW OF NUTRIENTS FROM VESSELS THROUGH CELL PROCESSES OF OSTEOBLASTS AND FROM ONE CELL TO THE NEXT
20
Q

Outer layer is fibrous

A

Periosteum

21
Q

Inner layer of periosteum

A
  • consist of SINGLE LAYER OF CELLS including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteochondral progenitor cells
22
Q

Fibers of tendons become continuous w/ fibers of …?

A

Periosteum

23
Q

Sharpey’s fibers

A

some periosteal fibers that penetrate through the periosteum and into the bone
- strengthen attachment of tendon to bone

24
Q

Endosteum

A
  • similar to INNER LAYER OF PERIOSTEUM

- lines all lateral spaces including spaces in cancellous bone

25
Q

When you break a bone, what do you actually break?

A

Periosteum, the bone itself doesn’t have innervation for you to feel

26
Q

How do osteoclasts develop?

A

by fusion of 3-10 stem cells

  • develop from bone marrow stem cells
  • osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, and osteocytes come from same cell lineage (MESENCHYME) BUT OSTEOCLASTS HAVE INDEPENDENT AND DIFFERENT ORIGIN
27
Q

Osteoclast responsibility

A

Resorption of bone

  • H+ ions pumped across membrane which eats away bone
  • Enzymes released that digest the bone
28
Q

Woven bone

A
  • collagen fibers randomly oriented

- FORMED DURING FETAL DEVELOPMENT AND FRACTURE REPAIR

29
Q

Remodelling

A
  • removing old bone and adding new

- woven bone is “remodeled” into lamellar bone

30
Q

Lamellar bone

A
  • mature bone in sheets called LAMELLAE

- fibers are oriented in one direction in each layer, but in different directions in different layers for strength

31
Q

Spongy bone

A

Spongelike appearance formed by plates of bone called TRABECULAE
- SPACES FILLED W/ RED BONE MARROW

32
Q

Have few osteons or central canals

A

Trabeculae; no osteocyte is far from blood of bone marrow

33
Q

Develop along bone’s lines of stress

A

Trabeculae; provides strength w/ little weight

34
Q

Shaft comprised of COMPACT BONE

A

Diaphysis

35
Q

End of the bone comprised of CANCELLOUS BONE (SPONGY)

A

Epiphysis

36
Q

Comprised of hyaline cartilage; PRESENT UNTIL GROWTH STOPS

A

Epiphyseal plate

37
Q

In children _____ is filled w/ red bone marrow.

A

medullary cavity

38
Q

Endochondrial ossification takes place in…?

A

cartilage

39
Q

Intramembranous ossification takes place in…?

A

connective tissue “membrane” similar to the dermis

- as such sometimes called DERMAL BONES (flat bones of skull, clavicle) because membrane looks similar to dermis

40
Q

Clinical relevance of intramembranous ossification

A

there are some bones that are produced by this ossification; when someone has growth hormone excess, they growth in width and those bones are prone to growing more w/ this excess

41
Q

both methods of ossification:

A
  • produce WOVEN BONE THAT IS THEN REMODELED

- produce bone that is, AFTER REMODELING, INDISTINGUISHABLE as forming from one method or the other

42
Q

Revew slides

A

16-18 on powerpoint

Physiology (13 decks)

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