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Physiology > Exam 4 - Digestive System 3 > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Digestive System 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Forceful ejection of stomach and intestinal contents (chime) from mouth

A

vomiting/retching

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2
Q

Where is vomiting/retching integrated?

A

Medulla

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3
Q

Retching

A
  • LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER relaxes while the stomach and duodenum contract spasmodically
  • chime enters the esophagus but returns to stomach (DOES NOT PASS THE UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER)
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4
Q

Vomiting

A

when abdominal contraction FORCES UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER TO OPEN

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5
Q

Potential problems of vomiting

A

Chronic vomiting - may cause dangerous fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances
Aspiration - food into lungs

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6
Q

Sheet of mesentery that suspends the liver from diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall (separates left and right)

A

Falciform ligament

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7
Q

Remnant of the umbilical vein

A

round ligament (ligamentum teres)

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8
Q

Where does the gallbladder adhere to the liver?

A

adheres to ventral surface between right and quadrate lobe

G and Q go together

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9
Q

Porta hepatis

A

where vessels, ducts, nerves exit/enter liver

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10
Q

Functions of the liver

A
  • bile production
  • storage
  • nutrient interconversion
  • synthesis
  • detoxification
  • phagocytosis
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11
Q

Liver: Bile production

A
  • Bile salts emulsify fats and are reabsorbed in the ileum

- Neutralizes and dilutes stomach acid

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12
Q

What do bile salts contain?

A
  • minerals
  • bile pigments (bilirubin)
  • bile acids/salts (steroids)
  • lecithin
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13
Q

Secretin

A

(from the duodenum) stimulates bile secretions, increasing water and bicarbonate ion content of the bile

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14
Q

Liver: storage

A
  • glycogen, fat, vitamins, copper, and iron

- hepatic portal blood comes to liver from small intestine

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15
Q

Liver: nutrient interconversion

A
  • amino acids to energy producing compounds

- hydroxylation of vitamin D; vitamin D then travels to kidney where it is hydroxylated again into its active form

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16
Q

Liver: synthesis

A

albumins, fibrinogen, globulins, heparin, clotting factors

17
Q

Liver: detoxification

A

hepatocytes convert ammonia to urea (infection/decontaminant activity)

18
Q

Liver: phagocytosis

A

KUPFFER CELLS phagocytize worn-out and dying red and white blood cells, some bacteria

19
Q

Interior of liver is filled w/ tiny cylinders called

A

hepatic lobules

20
Q

Hepatic sinusoids

A

lined w/ hepatic phagocytic (Kupffer) cells which REMOVE BACTERIA AND DEBRIS FROM BLOOD

21
Q

What makes up the common hepatic duct from liver?

A

right and left hepatic ducts

22
Q

What makes up the common bile duct?

A

common hepatic duct along w/ the CYSTIC DUCT FROM GALLBLADDER

23
Q

What makes up the duodenum?

A

common bile duct and pancreatic duct from pancreas

24
Q

Function of bladder

A

stores and concentrates bile

  • bile backs up into gallbladder from a filled bile duct
  • between meals, bile is concentrated 5-20X
25
Q

What is the gallbladder stimulated by?

A

Cholecystokinin (from intestine) and vagal stimulation

26
Q

Enterohepatic circulation

A

about 80% of bile acids are reabsorbed in ileum and get reused 2 or more times during digestion of average meal
- 20% THAT IS NOT REABSORBED IS BODY’S ONLY WAY OF ELIMINATING EXCESS CHOLESTEROL

27
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

it is a retroperitoneal gland; posterior to stomach

28
Q

Endocrine and exocrine pancreas

A
  • secretes insulin and glucagon into the blood

- secretes 1500 mL of pancreatic juice (water, enzymes, zymogens, and sodium bicarbonate) into duodenum

29
Q

Pancreatic acinar cells

A

secrete ENZYMES and ZYMOGENS (protease enzyme precursors) while ducts secrete BICARB to buffer HCL from stomach

30
Q

Enzymes that acini secrete

A

Lipase (fats)
Amylase (starch)
Ribonuclease
Deoxyribonuclease

31
Q

Zymogens

A

Chymotrypsinogen
Procarboxypeptidase
Trypsinogen

32
Q

Trypsinogen is converted by to..

A

trypsin by enterokinase (on surface of epithelial cells)

33
Q

What does trypsin convert?

A

Other 2 zymogens into chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase

34
Q

Where is bicarbonate produced?

A

in the pancreas

35
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

released from duodenum in response to arrival of acid and fat

36
Q

Secretin

A

released from duodenum in response to acidic chyme

Physiology (13 decks)

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