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Physiology > Exam 4 - Bone 2 > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Bone 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Bones increase in length

A
  • interstitial growth of EPIPHYSEAL PLATE

- EPIPHYSEAL LINE is left behind when cartilage is gone

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2
Q

Bones increase in width

A
  • OSTEOBLASTS lay down matrix in layers on outer surface and OSTEOCLASTS dissolve bone on inner surface
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3
Q

Wolff’s law of bone

A

(bones remodeled throughout life)
architecture of bone determined by mechanical stresses through action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
EX) greater density and mass of bone of athletes or manual worker is an adaptation to stress

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4
Q

size and shape of a bone determined…

A

genetically but can be modified and influenced by nutrition and hormones

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5
Q

Lack of calcium, protein, and other nutrients during growth and development can…

A

cause bones to be small

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6
Q

Vitamin D

A
  • necessary for absorption of calcium from intestines

- can be eaten or manufactured in the body

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7
Q

Rickets

A

lack of vitamin D during childhood

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8
Q

Osteomalacia

A

lack of vitamin D during adulthood leading to softening of bones

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9
Q

Vitamin C

A
  • necessary for COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS by osteoblasts
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10
Q

Scurvy

A

deficiency of vitamin C

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11
Q

What does lack of vitamin C also cause?

A

Causes wounds not to heal, teeth to fall out

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12
Q

Growth hormone

A
  • from ANTERIOR PITUITARY

- stimulates interstitial cartilage growth and appositional bone growth

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13
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

required fro growth of all tissues

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14
Q

sex hormones

A

EX) estrogen and testosterone

  • cause growth at puberty, but also cause closure of epiphyseal plates and cessation of growth
  • they have a DUAL purpose: to enhance and inhibit growth
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15
Q

Growth rapid at puberty

A
  • hormones stimulate osteogenic cells, chondrocytes, and matrix deposition in growth plate
  • GIRLS GROW FASTER THAN BOYS and reach full height earlier (estrogen has stronger effect), but males growth for a longer period of time and taller
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16
Q

Teenage use of anabolic steroids

A

results in premature closure of growth plate and short adult stature

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17
Q

Fracture

A

typically caused by SIGNIFICANT TRAUMA

car accident, fall, athletics, etc.

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18
Q

Pathologic fracture

A

occurs w/ little if any trauma in bone weakened by disease

bone cancer or osteoporosis

19
Q

open fracture

A

break in the skin

20
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

multiple pieces

21
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

partial fracture (disruption of only one side of bone)

22
Q

Impacted fracture

A

one side of fracture driven into the interior of other side

23
Q

Pott’s fracture

A

distal FIBULAR fracture

24
Q

Colles’s fracture

A

distal RADIAL fracture

25
Q

Stress fracture

A

microscopic fissures from repeated strenuous activities

26
Q

Oblique fracture

A

similar to transverse fracture but at an angle

27
Q

Healing of a fracture normally takes…?

A

8-12 weeks (longer in elderly)

28
Q

Where does the pain from a fracture come from?

A

Periosteum

29
Q

Process of healing a bone (refer to slides for details)

A
  1. Hematoma formation
  2. Soft callus formation
  3. Hard callus formation
  4. Bone remodeling
30
Q

Closed reduction

A

fragments are aligned w/ manipulation and casted

31
Q

Open reduction

A

surgical exposure and repair w/ plates and screws

32
Q

When is electrical stimulation used for fractures?

A

used on fractures if 2 months of healing is necessary

33
Q

Orthopedics

A

area of medicine specialized in the prevention and correction of injuries and disorders of the bones, joints and muscles

34
Q

Osteoporosis

A

bones lose mass and become “brittle” (loss of organic matrix and minerals)

  • risk of fracture of hip, wrist, vertebral column increased
  • complications (pneumonia and blood clotting)
35
Q

Who is at a greater risk for osteoporosis

A

postmenopausal white women at greatest risk

36
Q

By age 70, what is the average loss of bone mass?

A

30%

37
Q

Who rarely suffer symptoms of osteoporosis?

A

Black women

38
Q

What maintains density in both sexes by inhibiting bone resorption?

A

Estrogen

39
Q

What produce estrogen in men?

A

Testes and adrenals

40
Q

Osteoporosis in women (dealing w/ estrogen)

A

Rapid loss after menopause, if body fat too low or w/ disuse during immobilization

41
Q

ERT

A

From of treatment for osteoporosis

- slows bone resorption, but INCREASES RISK OF CANCER, STROKE, AND HEART DISEASE

42
Q

PTH

A

Form of treatment for osteoporosis

  • slows bone loss if given as daily injection
  • FORTEO increases density by 10% in 1 year
  • MAY PROMOTE BONE CANCER
43
Q

Best treatment for osteoporosis

A

PREVENTION

  • exercise
  • calcium intake (1,000 mg/day) between ages 25 and 40

Physiology (13 decks)

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