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Pathophysiology > Exam 4: Integumentary/MSK > Flashcards

Exam 4: Integumentary/MSK Flashcards

1
Q

Complete fracture

A

Bone separates completely

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2
Q

Incomplete fracture

A

Bone fragments are still partially joined

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3
Q

Closed Fracture

A

Fracture that does not break the skin

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4
Q

Open Fracture

A

Fracture where bone breaks the skin

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5
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A

A fracture with more than one fracture line and more than two bone fragments, which may be shattered or crushed

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6
Q

Linear Fracture

A

Fracture of the long axis of bone

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7
Q

Oblique Fracture

A

Fracture at an angle

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8
Q

Spiral Fracture

A

Fracture encircling bone

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9
Q

Transverse Fracture

A

Fracture that is perpendicular to long axis, parts of the bone are separated but close to each other

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10
Q

Impacted Fracture

A

Bone fragments pushed into each other

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11
Q

Pathologic fracture

A

Break in bone integrity caused by extreme stress from a non-traumatic etiology. Bone is internally weakened by pre-existing condition and fractures easily without trauma or only slight trauma. Ex. Osteoporosis, neoplasms, metabolic conditions, or some other space occupying lesion

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12
Q

Avulsion

A

Separation of a small fragment of bone at the site of attachment of a ligament or tendon

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13
Q

Compression Fracture

A

A fracture that consists of the crushing of cancellous bone/spongy bone

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14
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

Break in cortex of bone (children & elderly), incomplete with one side intact

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15
Q

Impacted Fracture

A

One part of the fracture is compressed into an adjacent part of the fracture

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16
Q

Stress Fracture

A

Caused by repetitive stress on bone. Commonly, stress fractures occur on the second and third metatarsals, tibia, and fibula. Stress fractures develop when extensive microdamage occurs before bone can be adequately remodeled. Bones prone to stress fractures are those constantly involved in weight-bearing activity, high impact activity, such as with walking or running

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17
Q

Transchondral

A

Separation of cartilaginous joint surface

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18
Q

Traction

A

Used to maintain alignment of bone

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19
Q

Dislocation

A

Displacement of one or more bones in a joint surfaces with loss of articulation

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20
Q

Subluxation

A

Opposing surfaces only partially lose contact (partial dislocation)

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21
Q

Sprain

A

Ligament damage. ligaments may be incompletely torn or completely torn, or ruptured

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22
Q

Strain

A

Stretching injury to muscle or musculotendinous unit by mechanical overloading

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23
Q

Malunion

A

Healing of bone in an unacceptable position

24
Q

Tendinopathy

A

Painful thickening of tendons

25
Q

Fracture blister

A

Skin blisters seen after fractures of severe twisting can be a precursor to compartment syndrome. Get epidermal necrosis with separation of the epidermis from underlying dermis by edema

26
Q

Contracture (pathologic)

A

Permanent muscle shortening caused by muscle spasm or weakness seen with CNS injury, secondary to scar tissue

27
Q

Contracture (physiologic)

A

Due to the absence of muscle action potential such as malignant hyperthermia or sarcolemma lack of ATP

28
Q

Osteopenia

A

Thinning of the trabecular matrix of the bone before osteoporosis

29
Q

Kyphosis

A

Excessive curvature in the thoracic spine sometimes called a dowager’s hump, forward curvature of spine tends to progress with age

30
Q

Lordosis

A

Increased curvature of the lumbar spine

31
Q

Scoliosis

A

Lateral curvature of the spine

32
Q

Fibrosis

A

Replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue composed mainly of collagen produced by fibroblast

33
Q

Rash

A

Temporary eruption of the skin

34
Q

Lesion

A

Traumatic or pathological loss of normal skin continuity, structure, or function

35
Q

Bulla

A

Large blister

36
Q

Crust

A

Dried yellowish and yellow-brown exudate on skin

37
Q

Excoriation

A

Scratch that breaks the skin’s surface

38
Q

Induration

A

Hardening or thickening of skin

39
Q

Keloid

A

Irregular, elevated scar tissue

40
Q

Macule

A

Defined flat area of altered pigmentation

41
Q

Nodule

A

Solid lump greater than 0.5 cm in diameter

42
Q

Papule

A

Raised, well-defined lesion, usually smaller than 0.5 cm in diameter

43
Q

Pustule

A

Papule filled with pus

44
Q

Ulcer

A

Loss of epidermal and dermal tissue

45
Q

Vesicle (blister)

A

Blister smaller than 0.5 cm in diameter

46
Q

Wheals/urticaria

A

Transient pink, itchy, elevated papules that evolve into irregular red maculopapular patches. Think hives with urticaria

47
Q

Pruritus

A

Itching

48
Q

What factors facilitate bone growth?

A

nutrition such as adequate calcium or vitamin D, physical activity like weight bearing to simulate bone growth and maintain bone strength. Age is another facilitator of bone growth more specifically at less than 30 years the body will make more bone than destroy. Hormones help facilitate bone growth like the thyroid for calcitonin, estrogen inhibits bone breakdown and stimulates bone formation, testosterone stimulates muscle growth which places stress on bones and facilitates bone formation.

49
Q

What factors inhibit bone growth or increase risk for fractures?

A

like smoking, obesity, age, use of anti-inflammatory or cytotoxic medications, steroids, excess alcohol intake, excessive caffeine intake, excess carbonated soft drink intake, eating disorders, hyperthyroid, hyperparathyroidism (causes further CA to be reabsorbed from bone), and/or family history. Age and hormones also matter so postmenopausal women and after 30 years of age the amount of bone resorbed by the osteoclasts exceeds that which is formed by osteoblasts, resulting in a steady decrease in bone mass with age.

50
Q

What are the 4 stages of bone healing?

A

Hematoma: 1-2 days disruption of blood flow can lead to death of bone cells
Inflammatory: 2-5 days hemorrhage forms and you get neovascularization clotting factors stay in place to build a fibrin meshwork…granulation tissue forms
Reparative: continued formation of the callus and cartilage
Remodeling bone is reconstructed

51
Q

Fracture complications

A

Bleeding/arterial damage
Nerve damage
Nonunion and malunion
Infection (osteomyelitis)
Thromboemboli (DVT) & (PE)
Fat embolism
Compartment syndrome
Fracture blister

52
Q

Types of osteomyelitis

A

Hematogenous - bacteria from bloodstream

Contiguous - direct bacterial infection of bone see with trauma or surgery

Chronic - occurs when infection persists longer than 6 to 8 weeks or fails to respond to appropriate antibiotic therapy

53
Q

D-dimer

A

a fibrin degradation product, a small protein fragment seen when you have a clot present

54
Q

Factors that delay wound healing

A

Age
Tissue oxygen tension/hypoxia
Vascular insufficiency
Severe anemia
Infection
Edema
Smoking
Pain/stress
Nutrition deficiencies
Bacterial colonization
Chronic diseases/DM
Pressure
Medications (e.g. steroids)

55
Q

Phases of wound healing

A

Hemostasis
Inflammatory (healing can be delayed here)
Proliferative (and here)
Remodeling

56
Q

What are clinical manifestations of an infection?

A

Fever, elevated WBC count
Increased amount and type of wound drainage
Heat at wound site, increased pain
Regression of wound healing
May send specimen for C & S/tissue biopsy
Pain: changing, increased pain; wound pain is often underestimated by healthcare professionals

Pathophysiology (24 decks)

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