Exam 2: Hematology & Coagulation

Question 1

Anemia/anemic:

Answer 1

Decreased in the number of circulating red blood cell (RBC) or hemoglobin or both

Causes:
1. Excessive loss of RBCS
2. Destruction of RBCs (hemolysis)
3. Defective RBC production
4. Inadequate RBC production due to bone marrow

Question 2

Hypoxemia:

Answer 2

Insufficient oxygenation in the blood. Oxygenation is the process of oxygen diffusing passively from the alveolus to the pulmonary capillary, where it binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells or dissolves into the plasma

Question 3

Complete blood count (CBC):

Answer 3

A lab value that measures RBC, WBC, Hgb, Hct, MCV, MCH, MCHC and platelets

Question 4

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV):

Answer 4

Is the volume of 1 RBC. It reflects the size as seen under a microscope, 80-100 femoliters. The ending “cytic” refers to size of RBCs so microcytic is small in size whereas macrocytic can be large in size. Normocytic is normal in size.

Question 5

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH):

Answer 5

Average amount of Hgb in an average RBC, 27-32 picograms. The word “chromic” refers to color of RBCs. Hypochromic means low in color or pale.

Question 6

Mean corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC):

Answer 6

Average concentration of Hgb in a given volume of RBCs, 32-36%

Question 7

Petechia:

Answer 7

Pinpoint, round spots that appear on the skin as a result of bleeding, 1-3mm

Question 8

Purpura:

Answer 8

Deep red or purple larger than 3mm

Question 9

Ecchymosis:

Answer 9

Purple or purplish blue fading to green yellow and brown with time variable size larger than petechial generally >5mm.

Question 10

Thrombocytopenia:

Answer 10

Low platelet count, <150,000

Question 11

Pancytopenia:

Answer 11

Deficiency of all blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets)

Question 12

Prothrombin time (PT):

Answer 12

Measure clotting of the extrinsic pathway

Question 13

International normalized ratio (INR):

Answer 13

Standardized measurement for PT

Question 14

Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT):

Answer 14

Measure clotting of the intrinsic pathway

Question 15

Specific factor essay:

Answer 15

A coagulation test that measures specific factors, XIII, XII, XI, X, IX, VIII, VII, V, II, fibrinogen

Question 16

Hemostasis: **

Answer 16

Prevents excess blood loss there are three stages vasoconstriction, platelet plug and coagulation pg 549**

Question 17

Hematopoiesis:

Answer 17

The generation of blood cells

Stem cell ->
precursor (blast) cell (myeloid and lymphatic split) ->
several cell divisions to become specific blood cells: B & T lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, thrombocytes, erythrocytes

Question 18

Red blood cell destruction

Answer 18

RBCs -> spleen and hemoglobin is removed

Iron -> bone marrow for RBC production

Heme converted to bilirubin and removed from blood by the liver

^ in RBC destruction -> ^ unconjugated bilirubin -> jaundice

Question 19

Vitamin B12

Answer 19

Necessary for the activation of folic acid, which is needed for RBC synthesis and maturation

Question 20

Absolute neutrophil count (ANC)

Answer 20

Normal = >1500u/l

• Mild: ANC ≥1000 and <1500 cells/MicroL
• Moderate: ANC ≥ 500 and <1000 cells/MicroL
• Severe: ANC<500 cells/microL

Question 21

clotting cascade

Answer 21

Question 22

Universal donor and recipient

Answer 22

donor: O-

recipient: AB+

Question 23

B symptoms

Answer 23

Fever (>38° C or >100.4° F)
Night sweats
Weight loss- unexplained loss of 10% of body weight over the past 6 months