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Pathophysiology > Exam 2: Inflammation & Immunity > Flashcards

Exam 2: Inflammation & Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Acute inflammation

A

minutes to several days; presence of neutrophils

Phases:
1. Vascular: increase in blood flow and changes in small blood vessels (minimize damages)

  1. Cellular: migration of leukocytes or white blood cells (WBCs) for tissue repair (Leukocyte activation and phagocytosis)
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2
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

days to years; presence of lymphocytes, macrophages, fibrosis tissue

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3
Q

Purpose of inflammation

A

eliminate cause of cell injury, remove damaged tissue, and generate new tissue

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4
Q

Clinical manifestations of inflammation

A

Cardinal: Redness, warmth, swelling, tenderness/pain, loss of function

Systemic response: Temperature, elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), elevated white blood cells (WBCs), malaise and anorexia, lymphadenitis

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5
Q

Endothelial cells

A

release platelet and thrombotic cell agents to form a clot, regulates synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators

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6
Q

Platelets

A

circulating in blood to help form clots and release potent inflammatory mediators

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7
Q

Mast cells

A

when activated stimulate release of histamine, TNF-α, Interleukins, cytokines, monocytes, macrophages

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8
Q

Histamine 1

A

released from mast cells

  • Vasodilation
  • Vascular permeability
  • Bronchoconstriction
    **Histamine 2 causes increased secretion of gastric acid
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9
Q

Prostaglandins

A

group of lipids with hormone-like actions that your body makes primarily at sites of tissue damage or infection

  • Increased vascular permeability
  • Vasodilation
  • Fever
  • Pain
  • Neutrophil chemotaxis (The attractive forces that pull the Phagocytes to the site of injury/infection)
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10
Q

Leukotrienes

A

Released by mast cells

Think of asthma attack ->
* Increased vascular permeability
* Smooth muscle contraction which promotes bronchoconstriction and airway edema

Promotes slower and more prolonged responses than Histamine

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11
Q

Cytokines

A

Chemokines: family of small proteins that act primarily as chemoattractant to recruit and direct the migration of immune and inflammatory cells
Interleukins (ILs)
Interferons (IFNs)
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)

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12
Q

Flow chart of inflammation process

A
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13
Q

Exudate

A

a mass of cells and fluid that has seeped out of blood vessels or an organ, especially in inflammation.

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14
Q

Ulceration

A

a site of inflammation that has become necrotic or eroded

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15
Q

Serous

A

watery fluid, amber/clear

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16
Q

Hemorraghic or sanginous

A

red blood cells, red/pink

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17
Q

Fibrinous

A

increased fibrinogen and form a thick sticky meshwork

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18
Q

Purulent

A

pus, degraded white blood cells, proteins, and tissue debris

yellow/white/green

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19
Q

dendritic cells

A

innate cells that capture, process, and present antigens to adaptive immune cells and mediate their polarization into effector cells

link b/t innate and adaptive along with cytokines

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20
Q

antigen

A

a substance that induces the formation of antibodies because it is recognized by the immune system as a threat

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21
Q

Humoral immunity

A

B cells use antibodies to tag pathogens for destruction

immunoglobulins

substances found in the “humors” (fluid) of the body

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22
Q

Innate immunity:

A

It is the body’s first and immediate line of defense; includes macrophages, cytokines and natural killer cells. Composed of the body’s natural anatomical barriers, normal flora, white blood cells (WBCs), and protective enzymes and chemicals. Macrophages phagocytose foreign debris and antigens. Interferons, cytokines, and hydrochloric acid are some of the protective enzymes and chemicals.

23
Q

Adaptive immunity:

A

after the innate system and more specific protection

developed after exposure to antigens and act rapidly, specifically, destructively, and with memory for every individual antigen it has encountered through human cell surface antigens called major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs), also called human leukocyte antigens (HLAs)

allows the body to distinguish between antigens that belong to the host versus antigens that are from an invader

24
Q

Active acquired Immunity:

A

Obtained through exposure to an antigen or through immunization (vaccine). The patient’s body has to synthesize specific immunoglobulins against an antigen

25
Q

Passive acquired Immunity:

A

The body merely passively accepts the immunoglobulins and the body DOES NOT have to manufacture them, this is short-term immunity

26
Q

B lymphocyte or B cells:

A

Naïve or immature until they encounter an antigen, after exposure to an antigen B cells are stimulated to further mature in plasma cells, then they have the ability to produce specific proteins and immunoglobulins (Igs) also called antibodies which attach an antigen. They mature to an extent in the bone marrow.

27
Q

Immunoglobulins (Igs):

A

Antibodies

Proteins made in response to antigens by B cells and plasma cells

There are several types they are involved in the antibody mediated immunity abbreviated (IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, and IgD)

28
Q

IgA:

A

Mainly found within secretions, such as tears, saliva, nasal and respiratory secretions, GI fluid, and breast milk

29
Q

IgE:

A

Usually present in very low concentrations in the blood but it rises to high levels in allergic reactions

30
Q

IgD:

A

Binds to basophils and mast cells in hypersensitivity reactions, comprises only 1% of immunoglobulins

31
Q

IgM:

A

Responds first to infection elevated may indicate a recent or current infection

32
Q

IgG:

A

Is a secondary responder, which means that levels rise after a second exposure to an antigen. This indicates exposure and immune competence to a particular antigen

33
Q

T lymphocyte:

A

Continue to mature in the thymus gland where they become CD4 and CD8 cells and then move to the lymphoid tissue for proliferation

34
Q

CD 4 or T helper cells:

A

Influences all other cells of the immune system including other T cells, B-lymphocytes, macrophages and NK cells. They are involved with cell-mediated immunity and assist in antibody-mediated adaptive immunity

35
Q

CD8 cells or cytotoxic T cells:

A

Directly attack an antigen

36
Q

Major Histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) or human leukocyte antigens (HLAs):

A

Cell surface antigen that the body can use to distinguish between self-versus invader

37
Q

Antigen presenting cells (APCs) or dendritic:

A

Process the antigen first and induce cell-mediated immunity

38
Q

Anergy panel:

A

Injected intradermal (just under the skin), no reaction indicates lack of immune responsiveness and immunodeficiency

39
Q

Antibody titer:

A

Confirms protection by measuring IgM and IgG

40
Q

Allergy testing:

A

Serology test such as ELISA that evaluates the severity of an allergy by how much IgE reacts with the allergen

41
Q

CBC with differential:

A

A lab test of the complete blood count that also has all the WBCs broken down. (monocytes, lymphocytes, granulocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

42
Q

Culture and sensitivity:

A

The culture determines out the exact organism of infection and the sensitivity determines the medication that will treat the infection

43
Q

Monocytes:

A

3-7% WBCs, they leave the circulation and enter tissue, they mature into macrophages, which are found in large quantities in the spleen and other organs. Their primary function is phagocytosis.

44
Q

Macrophages:

A

Function within the innate immune system and are the first responders in defense against an antigen

45
Q

Neutrophils:

A

Neutrophils make up 60% to 70% of the WBCs in circulation. They are first responders to an infection, stressful event, or inflammatory reaction. Antigens, epinephrine, and corticosteroids stimulate generation and release of neutrophils in the bloodstream. Due to the shape of their nucleus, mature neutrophils are referred to as segs, whereas immature neutrophils are called bands. In severe acute infection or inflammation, the bone marrow cannot keep up with the body’s need for mature neutrophils, so it releases bands. If a laboratory test indicates a high number of bands in circulation, this is referred to as a “shift to the left.”

**break this up

46
Q

Eosinophils:

A

WBCs, mainly released during allergy and parasitic infection

47
Q

Basophils:

A

Generated and released by the bone marrow in response to many inflammatory reactions, particularly parasitic infection

48
Q

Leukocytosis:

A

A rise in WBC count above 11,000/uL

49
Q

Leukopenia:

A

A decrease in WBC count below 4,000/uL, which is a general term that describes a decrease in all types of WBCs. Leukopenia increases the risk of infection, decreases signs of infection, and diminishes healing ability

50
Q

Neutropenia:

A

Lack of sufficient number of neutrophils in blood. The most frequent kind of leukopenia. It is diagnosed in patients with fewer than 1,500 neutrophils/uL. Neutropenia increases susceptibility to infection and diminishes the external signs of inflammation

51
Q

Granulocytes:

A

WBCs with chemical containing granules in their cytoplasm. Their granules contain powerful digestive enzymes capable of killing microorganisms and then catabolizing debris during phagocytosis. There are three types of granulocytes: eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils

52
Q

Super infection

A

Infection caused by broad spectrum antibiotics that disturb the normal flora

53
Q

Opportunistic infection

A

Organisms that would not normally cause disease but do so in immunocompromised patients

Pathophysiology (24 decks)

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