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Embryology > exam 4 GI system development > Flashcards

exam 4 GI system development Flashcards

1
Q

time period of GI development

A

3-12 weeks

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2
Q

from what dermal layer do GI and respiratory come?

A

endoderm

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3
Q

from where does urogenital system originate?

A

mesoderm with distal most portion coming from endoderm

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4
Q

How does mesoderm expand between endoderm and ectoderm?

A

gastrulation

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5
Q

how does spherical nervous system form?

A

through dorsal folding of neural plate

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6
Q

how is tubular GI tract formed?

A

lateral folding of embryo, which results in pinching off of flat endoderm into a GI tube

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7
Q

What does GI tube form?

A

epithelial inner lining of the GI track

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8
Q

what does histogenesis of GI tube involve?

A

association of mesodermal cells around the endoderm GI tube to form the outer layers of the GI track

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9
Q

what are layers of GI track?

A

lamina propria, submucosa, and outermost layers

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10
Q

How do GI epithelial lining cells differentiate?

A

from a stem cell to the different specialized cell types of the crypts and villa

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11
Q

when does differential of epithelial cells happen?

A

in the fetal phase. it continues throughout adult life.

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12
Q

what is a crypt? villus?

A

crypt is a fossa. villus a process.

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13
Q

when does tubular gut begin to form? what happens with it?

A

at three weeks. induction of major digestive glands

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14
Q

when are primordial of liver, dorsal and ventral pancreas and trachea visible? what happens with that?

A

4 weeks. gut is mostly tubular. oropharyngeal membrane ruptures.

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15
Q

when is expansion and early rotation of stomach? what happens then?

A

5 weeks. intestinal loop begins to form. cecum and bile duct evident

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16
Q

when is intestinal loop prominent and rotation of stomach completed?

A

6 weeks. allantois and appendix appear; urorectal septum begins to subdivide cloaca.

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17
Q

when is herniation of intestinal loop? what else happens?

A

7 weeks. also, rapid growth of liver, fusion of dorsal and ventral pancreas; cloacal septation complete.

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18
Q

when is counterclockwise rotation of herniated int. loop?

A

8 weeks. recanalization of intestine, early penetration of parasympathetic neuronal precursors from cranial neural crest into gut.

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19
Q

when do epithelial types differentiate?

A

at nine weeks. the herniated gut returns to body cavity

20
Q

when do villi appear in small intestine?

A

11 weeks, along with differentiation of goblet cells

21
Q

by when do villi line entire intestine?

A

by week 16. includes colon.

22
Q

by when are peyer’s patches seen in small intestine?

A

by week 20

23
Q

first step of GI development

A

formation of gut tube (which is attached to the posterior body wall by the dorsal mesentery and to the ventral body wall by the ventral mesentery)

24
Q

second step of GI development

A

development of a series of specialized regions of tube (stomach, SI, LI, etc.) Leads to one set of abnormalities.

25
Q

third step of GI development

A

evagination of glands from gut tube (pancreas, liver, etc.) 2nd set of abnormalities.

26
Q

what is gut tube developmentally divided into?

A

foregut, midgut and hindgut

27
Q

derivaties of foregut

A

Pharynx, thoracic esophagus, abdominal esophagus, stomach, superior hall of duodenum (superior to ampulla of Vater)

28
Q

derivaties of midgut

A

ineferior half of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, right two thirds of transverse colon

29
Q

derivaties of hindgut

A

left one third of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum

30
Q

what genes control the GI tract development?

A

Hox family

31
Q

how does gut tube affect anatomy of abdominal cavity?

A

rotation of gut tube drags the dorsal and ventral mesentery with it.

32
Q

where does stomach develop in relation to esophagus?

A

distal to it.

33
Q

how does stomach rotate?

A

90 degrees to the right.

34
Q

what forms as stomach rotates?

A

it drags the dorsal mesentery with it, and the omental bursa forms.

35
Q

from where do liver and pancreas evaginate?

A

from foregut just distal to the stomach

36
Q

how do blood vessels supply GI tract?

A

they grow through dorsal mesentery

37
Q

what develops from the elongation of the duct from the foregut?

A

elongation of duct leads to developing liver, followed by evagination of the gall bladder from the Liver duct and subsequent evagination of the dorsal and ventral pancreas, each with their own ducts.

38
Q

How do pancreas fuse?

A

ventral pancreas rotates (right turn) around the duodenum to fuse with the dorsal pancreas

39
Q

to produce insulin, how many steps does it take from embryonic stem cells? adult stem cells?

A

8 embryonic. 4 adult.

40
Q

how does 90 degree rotation of stomach affect liver, spleen and pancreas?

A

liver ends up on right side of abdominal cavity with spleen to left side and the pancreas being retroperitoneal.

41
Q

what is falciform ligament of liver

A

ventral mesentery

42
Q

small intestine development?

A

SI elongates and rotates 120 degrees counter clockwise around the axis of the superior mesenteric artery.

43
Q

what happens to SI as it elongates?

A

it becomes herniated into the umbilical cord because abd. cavity has not expanded to its normal size to accomodate the faster lengthening intesting. The intestine laster retracts back to abd cavity.

44
Q

how does rotation of SI affect LI?

A

it affects the distal positions of the GI tract, like LI. reposittioning of LI leads to cecum being intraperitoneal, ascending and descending colon being retroperitoneal, transverse and sigmoid colon being intraperitoneal, and rectum retroperitoneal.

45
Q

what is formation of rectum/anus tied to?

A

division of hindgut and allantois and breakdown of cloacal membrane.

46
Q

what are origins of anal canal?

A

hindgut and protodeum (epithelium of cloacal membranes. dual origins makes these regions have different blood and nerve supplies.

Embryology (41 decks)

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