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Oceanography 19' > exam 4 concept questions > Flashcards

exam 4 concept questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is needed for photosynthesis? What are the products of photosynthesis? Where can it occur in the oceans? You do not need to know the exact chemical formulas, but you do need to know all of the components of this reaction (so carbon dioxide but not 6CO2). What organisms can do photosynthesis?

4-1 concepts

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2
Q

What is needed for respiration? What are the products of respiration? Again, you do not need to know the exact chemical formulas, but you do need to know all of the components of this reaction. What organisms respire?

4-1 concepts

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3
Q

The two controls on primary production are light and nutrients. How do these control primary production and where it occurs in the ocean?

4-1 concepts

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4
Q

How does primary production vary from the polar regions to the temperate regions to the tropical regions? How does primary production vary during the year in each of these regions (Fig 4-1-5)? Be able to explain why this variation occurs.

4-1 concepts

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5
Q

Know the different areas of primary production (coastal areas, upwelling areas, open ocean). How does each of these compare with primary production on land? Which have the highest rate of primary production (gm Carbon/m2/day) and which produce the most in a year (total tons Carbon/yr)? Why is the highest rate of production not the highest total production?

4-1 concepts

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6
Q

What is a food chain? What is a food web? What is the difference between these two?

4-2 Concepts

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7
Q

If given the tropic level and the efficiency (always 10%), be able to calculate the amount of primary production needed to produce one pound of a top consumer. Do not simply memorize Figure 4-2-3 as the question may not be for a 5th level consumer like tuna.

4-2 Concepts

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8
Q

How does primary production occur in a chemosynthetic community? How does this differ from primary production elsewhere?

4-3 Concepts

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9
Q

What are trophic levels? How do the number and size of organisms change as you go to higher trophic levels? As you continue in Part IV, keep track of what organisms are at which trophic levels.

4-2 Concepts

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10
Q

And what is meant by efficiency of trophic levels? What factors lead to loss of energy between trophic levels?

4-2 Concepts

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11
Q

What are chemosynthetic communities? Where are they found?

4-3 Concepts

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12
Q

Know the main organisms (see above) from the black smoker chemosynthetic community and the trophic level of each. Why are there no algae in a black smoker community?

4-3 Concepts

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13
Q

For each of the organisms listed above, be able to classify them (plankton, nekton, benthon) and their life habits.

4-4 Concepts

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14
Q

What is a red tide? Why is it dangerous? What are the possible causes of a red tide? What is man’s role in the increasing frequency of red tides?

4-4 Concepts

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15
Q

Many zooplankton are meroplankton, or juvenile or larval forms of fish or benthic organisms like corals or crabs. What are the benefits to benthic organisms to have a planktonic juvenile form?

4-4 Concepts

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16
Q

How does schooling behavior help small fish survive? What strategies do striped marlin use to overcome this?

4-5 concepts

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17
Q

What is the main benefit for fish that live in burrows?

4-5 concepts

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18
Q

How do fish use color to help survive? Why are poisonous fish usually brightly colored? Why are others colored to match the sea floor?

4-5 concepts

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of squid? Why are Giant Squid so difficult to study?

4-6 Concepts

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20
Q

Why do sharks attack swimmers, but rarely scuba divers? When are divers likely to be attacked?

4-6 Concepts

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21
Q

What is over-fishing? Discuss the consequences of over-fishing, using Atlantic cod and orange roughy as examples. What is needed to have a sustainable fishery?

4-6 Concepts

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22
Q

What is the major difference between the baleen whales and the toothed whales? What do each of these mainly eat?

4.7 concepts

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23
Q

What trophic level are baleen whales? What is the trophic level of krill? Why do baleen whales only eat in the summer months? (Hint: what do they eat and what is the annual variation in the primary productivity in their hunting grounds?)

4.7 concepts

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24
Q

What do seals and sea lions mainly eat? What do sea otters mainly eat?

4.7 concepts

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25
Q

What is the difference between epifauna and infauna? Most infauna are detritus feeders: what is meant by this?

4.8 concepts

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26
Q

Crustaceans such as crabs, lobsters, and barnacles have hard outer shells. What the benefits and dangers of such a shell?

4.8 concepts

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27
Q

How is the holdfast of a seaweed different from the roots of a land plant? What are the primary roles of seaweed in the benthic community? What are the parts of kelp? Why doesn’t kelp immediately die when pulled from the sea floor by winter storms?

4.8 concepts

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28
Q

What is meant by intertidal zonation? What roles do exposure, water loss, and turbulence play in creating this zonation? What kinds of adaptations are used to deal with each of these hazards?

4.9 concepts

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29
Q

For the three tidal zones of rocky shorelines, know who lives where and why.

4.9 concepts

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30
Q

Coral reefs require clear water, sunlight, warm water, and sufficient nutrients (fertilizer) to thrive. What role is played by each of these in controlling where in the world coral reefs are found?

4.10 concepts

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31
Q

What is the nature of the symbiotic relationship between corals and the alga zooxanthella? What are the benefits to each organism?

4.10 concepts

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32
Q

Most sea urchins graze on algae and seaweed. How does this behavior help the coral reef survive?

4.10 concepts

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33
Q

What are some of the hazards to coral reefs today?

4.10 concepts

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34
Q

Why do corals spawn all at once on the same day rather than spread out over the year? What are the benefits to the coral?

4.10 concepts

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35
Q

Krill and copepods are what trophic level in the oceans?

Quiz 4-7

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Oceanography 19' (7 decks)

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