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Oceanography 19' > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

plankton

4-1 definitions

A

organisms that float or drift with current

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2
Q

nekton

4-1 definitions

A

organisms that swim

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3
Q

benthon

4-1 definitions

A

organism that live on or in sea bottom

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4
Q

primary production

4-1 definitions

A

making new organic material from nonorganic components

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5
Q

photosynthesis

4-1 definitions

A

light energy

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6
Q

chemosynthesis

4-1 definitions

A

chemical energy

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7
Q

respiration

4-1 definitions

A

plants and animals burning sugars to sustain life

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8
Q

carbon dioxide

4-1 definitions

A

CO2

a colorless, odorless gas produced by burning carbon and organic compounds and by respiration.

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9
Q

sugar molecule

4-1 definitions

A

Photosynthesis is the process where plantlike organisms take carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) plus the energy from sunlight and construct a sugar molecule.

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10
Q

oxygen

4-1 definitions

A

is given off as a waste product of the photosynthesis reaction.

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11
Q

photic zone

4-1 definitions

A

sunlight region near the surface of water

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12
Q

seasonality

4-1 definitions

A

the condition of having two distinct varieties which appear at different seasons, as certain species of butterflies in which the spring brood differs from the summer or autumnal brood.

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13
Q

nutrients

4-1 definitions

A

a substance that provides nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life.

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14
Q

winter overturn

4-1 definitions

A

occurs when winter creates a surface layer of cold water that sinks (thermohaline downwelling), forcing deep waters to rise and replace it.

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15
Q

coastal upwelling

4-1 definitions

A

is an oceanographic phenomenon that involves wind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water towards the ocean surface, replacing the warmer, usually nutrient-depleted surface water.

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16
Q

food chain

4-2 Definitions

A

sequence of organisms through which energy is transferred from the primary producers through the heterotrophs (herbivores & carnivores)

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17
Q

food web

4-2 Definitions

A

a group of interrelated food chains

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18
Q

primary consumer

4-2 Definitions

A

the first producers of energy-rich compounds that are later used by other organisms

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19
Q

herbivore

4-2 Definitions

A

animals that eat plants

eat the primary producers and use respiration to burn the sugars for energy to live and grow. The nutrients are either used by the herbivores (for example, the nutrient phosphorus is part of bones) or excreted as waste.

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20
Q

carnivore

4-2 Definitions

A

animals that eat meat

eat herbivores (and smaller carnivores) and use the energy and nutrients

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21
Q

primary consumer

4-2 Definitions

A

initial consumer of primary producers; consumers of autotrophsl the second level in food webs

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22
Q

top consumer

4-2 Definitions

A

top consumer being a carnivore that has no predators. In the ocean, top level carnivores include larger fish, like sharks, and many mammals, like whales. By the way, to be a top consumer only requires that you have no predators, not that you be 5th or 6th trophic level. For example, the blue whale has no predators (except humans), so it is a top consumer even though it is only 3rd trophic level.

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23
Q

trophic level

4-2 Definitions

A

each nourishment level in a food chain

  1. Primary Producer
  2. Primary Consumer
  3. Secondary Consumer
  4. Tertiary Consumer
  5. Decomposer/Detritivore

The first trophic level is always primary producers. The second level is always primary consumers (herbivores except in chemosynthetic communities covered in Lecture 4-3). Higher levels are all consumers; generally these are carnivores with the top consumer being a carnivore that has no predators. In the ocean, top level carnivores include larger fish, like sharks, and many mammals, like whales. By the way, to be a top consumer only requires that you have no predators, not that you be 5th or 6th trophic level. For example, the blue whale has no predators (except humans), so it is a top consumer even though it is only 3rd trophic level. During the rest of the course, we will look at a variety of marine communities. For each one, keep the trophic pyramid in mind and identify the different trophic levels

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24
Q

efficiency of trophic levels

4-2 Definitions

A

typical ocean efficiency runs about 10%. Or, in other words, 90% of what an animal eats is used by the animal to stay alive, and only 10% is available as edible body tissue available to the next level of organism

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25
Q

primary production

4-3 Definitions

A

Consumes Carbon Dioxide Gas
and forms particulate organic carbon that can sink into the deep
ocean

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26
Q

black smoker

4-3 Definitions

A

is a type of hydrothermal vent typically found on the sea floor

They are found in the rift valleys of mid-oceanic ridges, in their spreading centers

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27
Q

hydrothemal circulation

4-3 Definitions

A

is the circulation of hot water

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28
Q

hot spring

4-3 Definitions

A

-marine life, including weird tube worms, giant clams, and crabs

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29
Q

rift valley

4-3 Definitions

A

hydrothermal vents are found in the rifts of the mid oceanic ridge

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30
Q

mid-oceanic ridge

4-3 Definitions

A

hydrothermal vents are from in mid-oceanic ridge

31
Q

tube worms

4-3 Definitions

A
  • live in hot springs
  • they have no mouth or stomach.
  • are common in deep sea black smoker communities.
  • primary consumers like tube worms
32
Q

giant clams

4-3 Definitions

A
  • live in hot springs

- methane seep communities contain chemosynthetic bacteria living inside the clams.

33
Q

crabs

4-3 Definitions

A
  • live in hot springs

- Higher-level carnivores include fish and scavengers like crabs that eat other animals.

34
Q

respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –→ 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy

35
Q

The hydrothermal circulation system beneath mid-oceanic ridges.

A

Cold water enters at the sides, is heated by the hot magma, and rises to the surface as hot springs, Black Smokers. The hot water contains a variety of chemicals used by chemosynthetic bacteria for primary production. These bacteria are the trophic base of the diverse black smoker communities.

36
Q

The hydrothermal circulation system beneath mid-oceanic ridges.

A

Cold water enters at the sides, is heated by the hot magma, and rises to the surface as hot springs, Black Smokers. The hot water contains a variety of chemicals used by chemosynthetic bacteria for primary production. These bacteria are the trophic base of the diverse black smoker communities.

37
Q

Which of the following is produced by photosynthesis?

A

sugar

38
Q

Pick the highest primary production:

A

Alaska, Summer

39
Q

Animals that live on the sea floor are

A

epifauna

40
Q

In ocean ecosystems, ___________ is (are) used up with only about 10% passed on to the next trophic level.

A

energy

41
Q

The first trophic level in a hydrothermal vent (Black Smoker) community is

A

dependent on bacteria and chemosynthesis

42
Q

Which of the following are capable of photosynthesis?

A

phytoplankton

43
Q

The process used by plants and animals that uses oxygen to break down sugars for energy is

A

Respiration

44
Q

All of these are found in black smoker (hydrothermal vent) communities EXCEPT:

A

seaweeds

45
Q

Whales are all of these EXCEPT:

A

benthic

46
Q

As you go to lower and lower trophic levels, there are usually __________ and __________ animals or plants.

A

More; smaller

47
Q

Animals that are active swimmers are

A

nekton

48
Q

Animals and plants living attached to the bottom are members of the

A

benthos.

49
Q

The first trophic level in the oceans is mainly

A

phytoplankton

50
Q

All of the organisms listed are nektonic organisms except ___________.

A

kelp

51
Q

Only about _________% of the energy in one trophic level of an open-ocean food chain is transferred to the next trophic level.

A

10%

52
Q

Corals, kelp and mussels are all

A

benthic and sessile.

53
Q

he respiration reaction is: ___________ + oxygen —> water + __________ + energy

Quiz 4-1

A

sugar; carbon dioxide

54
Q

Which of the following is produced by photosynthesis?

Quiz 4-1

A

sugar

55
Q

In ocean ecosystems, ___________ is (are) recycled but with some loss to sediment.

Quiz 4-1

A

nutrients

56
Q

Which of the following are capable of photosynthesis?

Quiz 4-1

A

phytoplankton

57
Q

The two major controls on primary production in the oceans are

Quiz 4-1

A

sunlight and nutrients.

58
Q

The process used by plants and animals that uses oxygen to break down sugars for energy is

Quiz 4-1

A

respiration

59
Q

At higher and higher trophic levels, there are usually __________ and __________ animals.

Quiz 4-2

A

fewer; larger

60
Q

Open-ocean areas have low rates of primary productivity because

Quiz 4-2

A

the nutrient supply is very low.

61
Q

About how much primary productivity is required to produce 1 pound of herring (4th trophic level, assume 10% efficiency)?

Quiz 4-2

A

1000 pounds

62
Q

A _________is an organism that primarily eats plants.

Quiz 4-2

A

herbivore

63
Q

All trophic pyramids have ____________ as the top level.

Quiz 4-2

A

carnivores

64
Q

The lowest annual rates of primary productivity (gCorg/m2/yr) are in

Quiz 4-2

A

open oceans.

65
Q

The primary producers in a hydrothermal vent (Black Smoker) community are

Quiz 4-3

A

bacteria

66
Q

An example of complete food chain for a chemosynthetic hydrothermal vent community includes

Quiz 4-3

A

chemosynthetic bacteria

tube worms

crabs and other scavengers

67
Q

A black smoker is

Quiz 4-3

A

where hot mineral-rich water comes out on the deep sea floor.

68
Q

Black smoker (hydrothermal vent) communities

Quiz 4-3

A

are found where sea-floor spreading heats up sea water.

69
Q

A chemosynthetic community:

Quiz 4-3

A

black smoker (hydrothermal vent)

70
Q

________________ are members of the Black smoker community with a symbiotic relationship with chemosynthetic bacteria.

Quiz 4-3

A

tube worms

71
Q

The first trophic level in the oceans is mainly

A

Phytoplankton

72
Q

Upwelling areas have higher rates of primary productivity than oceanic because __________ in
upwellings

A

there are more nutrients

73
Q

In ocean ecosystems _________ is (are) used with only about 10% passed on to the next trophic level

A

energy

74
Q

The photosynthesis reaction is: carbon dioxide+________ + sunlight —–> sugar + _________

A

Water; oxygen

Oceanography 19' (7 decks)

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