exam 4 Flashcards
plankton
4-1 definitions
organisms that float or drift with current
nekton
4-1 definitions
organisms that swim
benthon
4-1 definitions
organism that live on or in sea bottom
primary production
4-1 definitions
making new organic material from nonorganic components
photosynthesis
4-1 definitions
light energy
chemosynthesis
4-1 definitions
chemical energy
respiration
4-1 definitions
plants and animals burning sugars to sustain life
carbon dioxide
4-1 definitions
CO2
a colorless, odorless gas produced by burning carbon and organic compounds and by respiration.
sugar molecule
4-1 definitions
Photosynthesis is the process where plantlike organisms take carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) plus the energy from sunlight and construct a sugar molecule.
oxygen
4-1 definitions
is given off as a waste product of the photosynthesis reaction.
photic zone
4-1 definitions
sunlight region near the surface of water
seasonality
4-1 definitions
the condition of having two distinct varieties which appear at different seasons, as certain species of butterflies in which the spring brood differs from the summer or autumnal brood.
nutrients
4-1 definitions
a substance that provides nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life.
winter overturn
4-1 definitions
occurs when winter creates a surface layer of cold water that sinks (thermohaline downwelling), forcing deep waters to rise and replace it.
coastal upwelling
4-1 definitions
is an oceanographic phenomenon that involves wind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water towards the ocean surface, replacing the warmer, usually nutrient-depleted surface water.
food chain
4-2 Definitions
sequence of organisms through which energy is transferred from the primary producers through the heterotrophs (herbivores & carnivores)
food web
4-2 Definitions
a group of interrelated food chains
primary consumer
4-2 Definitions
the first producers of energy-rich compounds that are later used by other organisms
herbivore
4-2 Definitions
animals that eat plants
eat the primary producers and use respiration to burn the sugars for energy to live and grow. The nutrients are either used by the herbivores (for example, the nutrient phosphorus is part of bones) or excreted as waste.
carnivore
4-2 Definitions
animals that eat meat
eat herbivores (and smaller carnivores) and use the energy and nutrients
primary consumer
4-2 Definitions
initial consumer of primary producers; consumers of autotrophsl the second level in food webs
top consumer
4-2 Definitions
top consumer being a carnivore that has no predators. In the ocean, top level carnivores include larger fish, like sharks, and many mammals, like whales. By the way, to be a top consumer only requires that you have no predators, not that you be 5th or 6th trophic level. For example, the blue whale has no predators (except humans), so it is a top consumer even though it is only 3rd trophic level.
trophic level
4-2 Definitions
each nourishment level in a food chain
- Primary Producer
- Primary Consumer
- Secondary Consumer
- Tertiary Consumer
- Decomposer/Detritivore
The first trophic level is always primary producers. The second level is always primary consumers (herbivores except in chemosynthetic communities covered in Lecture 4-3). Higher levels are all consumers; generally these are carnivores with the top consumer being a carnivore that has no predators. In the ocean, top level carnivores include larger fish, like sharks, and many mammals, like whales. By the way, to be a top consumer only requires that you have no predators, not that you be 5th or 6th trophic level. For example, the blue whale has no predators (except humans), so it is a top consumer even though it is only 3rd trophic level. During the rest of the course, we will look at a variety of marine communities. For each one, keep the trophic pyramid in mind and identify the different trophic levels
efficiency of trophic levels
4-2 Definitions
typical ocean efficiency runs about 10%. Or, in other words, 90% of what an animal eats is used by the animal to stay alive, and only 10% is available as edible body tissue available to the next level of organism
primary production
4-3 Definitions
Consumes Carbon Dioxide Gas
and forms particulate organic carbon that can sink into the deep
ocean
black smoker
4-3 Definitions
is a type of hydrothermal vent typically found on the sea floor
They are found in the rift valleys of mid-oceanic ridges, in their spreading centers
hydrothemal circulation
4-3 Definitions
is the circulation of hot water
hot spring
4-3 Definitions
-marine life, including weird tube worms, giant clams, and crabs
rift valley
4-3 Definitions
hydrothermal vents are found in the rifts of the mid oceanic ridge