exam 4 Flashcards
plankton
4-1 definitions
organisms that float or drift with current
nekton
4-1 definitions
organisms that swim
benthon
4-1 definitions
organism that live on or in sea bottom
primary production
4-1 definitions
making new organic material from nonorganic components
photosynthesis
4-1 definitions
light energy
chemosynthesis
4-1 definitions
chemical energy
respiration
4-1 definitions
plants and animals burning sugars to sustain life
carbon dioxide
4-1 definitions
CO2
a colorless, odorless gas produced by burning carbon and organic compounds and by respiration.
sugar molecule
4-1 definitions
Photosynthesis is the process where plantlike organisms take carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) plus the energy from sunlight and construct a sugar molecule.
oxygen
4-1 definitions
is given off as a waste product of the photosynthesis reaction.
photic zone
4-1 definitions
sunlight region near the surface of water
seasonality
4-1 definitions
the condition of having two distinct varieties which appear at different seasons, as certain species of butterflies in which the spring brood differs from the summer or autumnal brood.
nutrients
4-1 definitions
a substance that provides nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life.
winter overturn
4-1 definitions
occurs when winter creates a surface layer of cold water that sinks (thermohaline downwelling), forcing deep waters to rise and replace it.
coastal upwelling
4-1 definitions
is an oceanographic phenomenon that involves wind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water towards the ocean surface, replacing the warmer, usually nutrient-depleted surface water.
food chain
4-2 Definitions
sequence of organisms through which energy is transferred from the primary producers through the heterotrophs (herbivores & carnivores)
food web
4-2 Definitions
a group of interrelated food chains
primary consumer
4-2 Definitions
the first producers of energy-rich compounds that are later used by other organisms
herbivore
4-2 Definitions
animals that eat plants
eat the primary producers and use respiration to burn the sugars for energy to live and grow. The nutrients are either used by the herbivores (for example, the nutrient phosphorus is part of bones) or excreted as waste.
carnivore
4-2 Definitions
animals that eat meat
eat herbivores (and smaller carnivores) and use the energy and nutrients
primary consumer
4-2 Definitions
initial consumer of primary producers; consumers of autotrophsl the second level in food webs
top consumer
4-2 Definitions
top consumer being a carnivore that has no predators. In the ocean, top level carnivores include larger fish, like sharks, and many mammals, like whales. By the way, to be a top consumer only requires that you have no predators, not that you be 5th or 6th trophic level. For example, the blue whale has no predators (except humans), so it is a top consumer even though it is only 3rd trophic level.
trophic level
4-2 Definitions
each nourishment level in a food chain
- Primary Producer
- Primary Consumer
- Secondary Consumer
- Tertiary Consumer
- Decomposer/Detritivore
The first trophic level is always primary producers. The second level is always primary consumers (herbivores except in chemosynthetic communities covered in Lecture 4-3). Higher levels are all consumers; generally these are carnivores with the top consumer being a carnivore that has no predators. In the ocean, top level carnivores include larger fish, like sharks, and many mammals, like whales. By the way, to be a top consumer only requires that you have no predators, not that you be 5th or 6th trophic level. For example, the blue whale has no predators (except humans), so it is a top consumer even though it is only 3rd trophic level. During the rest of the course, we will look at a variety of marine communities. For each one, keep the trophic pyramid in mind and identify the different trophic levels
efficiency of trophic levels
4-2 Definitions
typical ocean efficiency runs about 10%. Or, in other words, 90% of what an animal eats is used by the animal to stay alive, and only 10% is available as edible body tissue available to the next level of organism
primary production
4-3 Definitions
Consumes Carbon Dioxide Gas
and forms particulate organic carbon that can sink into the deep
ocean
black smoker
4-3 Definitions
is a type of hydrothermal vent typically found on the sea floor
They are found in the rift valleys of mid-oceanic ridges, in their spreading centers
hydrothemal circulation
4-3 Definitions
is the circulation of hot water
hot spring
4-3 Definitions
-marine life, including weird tube worms, giant clams, and crabs
rift valley
4-3 Definitions
hydrothermal vents are found in the rifts of the mid oceanic ridge
mid-oceanic ridge
4-3 Definitions
hydrothermal vents are from in mid-oceanic ridge
tube worms
4-3 Definitions
- live in hot springs
- they have no mouth or stomach.
- are common in deep sea black smoker communities.
- primary consumers like tube worms
giant clams
4-3 Definitions
- live in hot springs
- methane seep communities contain chemosynthetic bacteria living inside the clams.
crabs
4-3 Definitions
- live in hot springs
- Higher-level carnivores include fish and scavengers like crabs that eat other animals.
respiration equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –→ 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy
The hydrothermal circulation system beneath mid-oceanic ridges.
Cold water enters at the sides, is heated by the hot magma, and rises to the surface as hot springs, Black Smokers. The hot water contains a variety of chemicals used by chemosynthetic bacteria for primary production. These bacteria are the trophic base of the diverse black smoker communities.
The hydrothermal circulation system beneath mid-oceanic ridges.
Cold water enters at the sides, is heated by the hot magma, and rises to the surface as hot springs, Black Smokers. The hot water contains a variety of chemicals used by chemosynthetic bacteria for primary production. These bacteria are the trophic base of the diverse black smoker communities.
Which of the following is produced by photosynthesis?
sugar
Pick the highest primary production:
Alaska, Summer
Animals that live on the sea floor are
epifauna
In ocean ecosystems, ___________ is (are) used up with only about 10% passed on to the next trophic level.
energy
The first trophic level in a hydrothermal vent (Black Smoker) community is
dependent on bacteria and chemosynthesis
Which of the following are capable of photosynthesis?
phytoplankton
The process used by plants and animals that uses oxygen to break down sugars for energy is
Respiration
All of these are found in black smoker (hydrothermal vent) communities EXCEPT:
seaweeds
Whales are all of these EXCEPT:
benthic
As you go to lower and lower trophic levels, there are usually __________ and __________ animals or plants.
More; smaller
Animals that are active swimmers are
nekton
Animals and plants living attached to the bottom are members of the
benthos.
The first trophic level in the oceans is mainly
phytoplankton
All of the organisms listed are nektonic organisms except ___________.
kelp
Only about _________% of the energy in one trophic level of an open-ocean food chain is transferred to the next trophic level.
10%
Corals, kelp and mussels are all
benthic and sessile.
he respiration reaction is: ___________ + oxygen —> water + __________ + energy
Quiz 4-1
sugar; carbon dioxide
Which of the following is produced by photosynthesis?
Quiz 4-1
sugar
In ocean ecosystems, ___________ is (are) recycled but with some loss to sediment.
Quiz 4-1
nutrients
Which of the following are capable of photosynthesis?
Quiz 4-1
phytoplankton
The two major controls on primary production in the oceans are
Quiz 4-1
sunlight and nutrients.
The process used by plants and animals that uses oxygen to break down sugars for energy is
Quiz 4-1
respiration
At higher and higher trophic levels, there are usually __________ and __________ animals.
Quiz 4-2
fewer; larger
Open-ocean areas have low rates of primary productivity because
Quiz 4-2
the nutrient supply is very low.
About how much primary productivity is required to produce 1 pound of herring (4th trophic level, assume 10% efficiency)?
Quiz 4-2
1000 pounds
A _________is an organism that primarily eats plants.
Quiz 4-2
herbivore
All trophic pyramids have ____________ as the top level.
Quiz 4-2
carnivores
The lowest annual rates of primary productivity (gCorg/m2/yr) are in
Quiz 4-2
open oceans.
The primary producers in a hydrothermal vent (Black Smoker) community are
Quiz 4-3
bacteria
An example of complete food chain for a chemosynthetic hydrothermal vent community includes
Quiz 4-3
chemosynthetic bacteria
tube worms
crabs and other scavengers
A black smoker is
Quiz 4-3
where hot mineral-rich water comes out on the deep sea floor.
Black smoker (hydrothermal vent) communities
Quiz 4-3
are found where sea-floor spreading heats up sea water.
A chemosynthetic community:
Quiz 4-3
black smoker (hydrothermal vent)
________________ are members of the Black smoker community with a symbiotic relationship with chemosynthetic bacteria.
Quiz 4-3
tube worms
The first trophic level in the oceans is mainly
Phytoplankton
Upwelling areas have higher rates of primary productivity than oceanic because __________ in
upwellings
there are more nutrients
In ocean ecosystems _________ is (are) used with only about 10% passed on to the next trophic level
energy
The photosynthesis reaction is: carbon dioxide+________ + sunlight —–> sugar + _________
Water; oxygen
