exam 4

Question 1

plankton

4-1 definitions

Answer 1

organisms that float or drift with current

Question 2

nekton

4-1 definitions

Answer 2

organisms that swim

Question 3

benthon

4-1 definitions

Answer 3

organism that live on or in sea bottom

Question 4

primary production

4-1 definitions

Answer 4

making new organic material from nonorganic components

Question 5

photosynthesis

4-1 definitions

Answer 5

light energy

Question 6

chemosynthesis

4-1 definitions

Answer 6

chemical energy

Question 7

respiration

4-1 definitions

Answer 7

plants and animals burning sugars to sustain life

Question 8

carbon dioxide

4-1 definitions

Answer 8

CO2

a colorless, odorless gas produced by burning carbon and organic compounds and by respiration.

Question 9

sugar molecule

4-1 definitions

Answer 9

Photosynthesis is the process where plantlike organisms take carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) plus the energy from sunlight and construct a sugar molecule.

Question 10

oxygen

4-1 definitions

Answer 10

is given off as a waste product of the photosynthesis reaction.

Question 11

photic zone

4-1 definitions

Answer 11

sunlight region near the surface of water

Question 12

seasonality

4-1 definitions

Answer 12

the condition of having two distinct varieties which appear at different seasons, as certain species of butterflies in which the spring brood differs from the summer or autumnal brood.

Question 13

nutrients

4-1 definitions

Answer 13

a substance that provides nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life.

Question 14

winter overturn

4-1 definitions

Answer 14

occurs when winter creates a surface layer of cold water that sinks (thermohaline downwelling), forcing deep waters to rise and replace it.

Question 15

coastal upwelling

4-1 definitions

Answer 15

is an oceanographic phenomenon that involves wind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water towards the ocean surface, replacing the warmer, usually nutrient-depleted surface water.

Question 16

food chain

4-2 Definitions

Answer 16

sequence of organisms through which energy is transferred from the primary producers through the heterotrophs (herbivores & carnivores)

Question 17

food web

4-2 Definitions

Answer 17

a group of interrelated food chains

Question 18

primary consumer

4-2 Definitions

Answer 18

the first producers of energy-rich compounds that are later used by other organisms

Question 19

herbivore

4-2 Definitions

Answer 19

animals that eat plants

eat the primary producers and use respiration to burn the sugars for energy to live and grow. The nutrients are either used by the herbivores (for example, the nutrient phosphorus is part of bones) or excreted as waste.

Question 20

carnivore

4-2 Definitions

Answer 20

animals that eat meat

eat herbivores (and smaller carnivores) and use the energy and nutrients

Question 21

primary consumer

4-2 Definitions

Answer 21

initial consumer of primary producers; consumers of autotrophsl the second level in food webs

Question 22

top consumer

4-2 Definitions

Answer 22

top consumer being a carnivore that has no predators. In the ocean, top level carnivores include larger fish, like sharks, and many mammals, like whales. By the way, to be a top consumer only requires that you have no predators, not that you be 5th or 6th trophic level. For example, the blue whale has no predators (except humans), so it is a top consumer even though it is only 3rd trophic level.

Question 23

trophic level

4-2 Definitions

Answer 23

each nourishment level in a food chain

1. Primary Producer
2. Primary Consumer
3. Secondary Consumer
4. Tertiary Consumer
5. Decomposer/Detritivore

The first trophic level is always primary producers. The second level is always primary consumers (herbivores except in chemosynthetic communities covered in Lecture 4-3). Higher levels are all consumers; generally these are carnivores with the top consumer being a carnivore that has no predators. In the ocean, top level carnivores include larger fish, like sharks, and many mammals, like whales. By the way, to be a top consumer only requires that you have no predators, not that you be 5th or 6th trophic level. For example, the blue whale has no predators (except humans), so it is a top consumer even though it is only 3rd trophic level. During the rest of the course, we will look at a variety of marine communities. For each one, keep the trophic pyramid in mind and identify the different trophic levels

Question 24

efficiency of trophic levels

4-2 Definitions

Answer 24

typical ocean efficiency runs about 10%. Or, in other words, 90% of what an animal eats is used by the animal to stay alive, and only 10% is available as edible body tissue available to the next level of organism

Question 25

primary production 4-3 Definitions

Answer 25

Consumes Carbon Dioxide Gas and forms particulate organic carbon that can sink into the deep ocean

Question 26

black smoker 4-3 Definitions

Answer 26

is a type of hydrothermal vent typically found on the sea floor They are found in the rift valleys of mid-oceanic ridges, in their spreading centers

Question 27

hydrothemal circulation 4-3 Definitions

Answer 27

is the circulation of hot water

Question 28

hot spring 4-3 Definitions

Answer 28

-marine life, including weird tube worms, giant clams, and crabs

Question 29

rift valley 4-3 Definitions

Answer 29

hydrothermal vents are found in the rifts of the mid oceanic ridge

Question 30

mid-oceanic ridge 4-3 Definitions

Answer 30

hydrothermal vents are from in mid-oceanic ridge

Question 31

tube worms 4-3 Definitions

Answer 31

- live in hot springs - they have no mouth or stomach. - are common in deep sea black smoker communities. - primary consumers like tube worms

Question 32

giant clams 4-3 Definitions

Answer 32

- live in hot springs | - methane seep communities contain chemosynthetic bacteria living inside the clams.

Question 33

crabs 4-3 Definitions

Answer 33

- live in hot springs | - Higher-level carnivores include fish and scavengers like crabs that eat other animals.

Question 34

respiration equation

Answer 34

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --→ 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy

Question 35

The hydrothermal circulation system beneath mid-oceanic ridges.

Answer 35

Cold water enters at the sides, is heated by the hot magma, and rises to the surface as hot springs, Black Smokers. The hot water contains a variety of chemicals used by chemosynthetic bacteria for primary production. These bacteria are the trophic base of the diverse black smoker communities.

Question 36

The hydrothermal circulation system beneath mid-oceanic ridges.

Answer 36

Cold water enters at the sides, is heated by the hot magma, and rises to the surface as hot springs, Black Smokers. The hot water contains a variety of chemicals used by chemosynthetic bacteria for primary production. These bacteria are the trophic base of the diverse black smoker communities.

Question 37

Which of the following is produced by photosynthesis?

Answer 37

sugar

Question 38

Pick the highest primary production:

Answer 38

Alaska, Summer

Question 39

Animals that live on the sea floor are

Answer 39

epifauna

Question 40

In ocean ecosystems, ___________ is (are) used up with only about 10% passed on to the next trophic level.

Answer 40

energy

Question 41

The first trophic level in a hydrothermal vent (Black Smoker) community is

Answer 41

dependent on bacteria and chemosynthesis

Question 42

Which of the following are capable of photosynthesis?

Answer 42

phytoplankton

Question 43

The process used by plants and animals that uses oxygen to break down sugars for energy is

Answer 43

Respiration

Question 44

All of these are found in black smoker (hydrothermal vent) communities EXCEPT:

Answer 44

seaweeds

Question 45

Whales are all of these EXCEPT:

Answer 45

benthic

Question 46

As you go to lower and lower trophic levels, there are usually __________ and __________ animals or plants.

Answer 46

More; smaller

Question 47

Animals that are active swimmers are

Answer 47

nekton

Question 48

Animals and plants living attached to the bottom are members of the

Answer 48

benthos.

Question 49

The first trophic level in the oceans is mainly

Answer 49

phytoplankton

Question 50

All of the organisms listed are nektonic organisms except ___________.

Answer 50

kelp

Question 51

Only about _________% of the energy in one trophic level of an open-ocean food chain is transferred to the next trophic level.

Answer 51

10%

Question 52

Corals, kelp and mussels are all

Answer 52

benthic and sessile.

Question 53

he respiration reaction is: ___________ + oxygen —> water + __________ + energy Quiz 4-1

Answer 53

sugar; carbon dioxide

Question 54

Which of the following is produced by photosynthesis? Quiz 4-1

Answer 54

sugar

Question 55

In ocean ecosystems, ___________ is (are) recycled but with some loss to sediment. Quiz 4-1

Answer 55

nutrients

Question 56

Which of the following are capable of photosynthesis? Quiz 4-1

Answer 56

phytoplankton

Question 57

The two major controls on primary production in the oceans are Quiz 4-1

Answer 57

sunlight and nutrients.

Question 58

The process used by plants and animals that uses oxygen to break down sugars for energy is Quiz 4-1

Answer 58

respiration

Question 59

At higher and higher trophic levels, there are usually __________ and __________ animals. Quiz 4-2

Answer 59

fewer; larger

Question 60

Open-ocean areas have low rates of primary productivity because Quiz 4-2

Answer 60

the nutrient supply is very low.

Question 61

About how much primary productivity is required to produce 1 pound of herring (4th trophic level, assume 10% efficiency)? Quiz 4-2

Answer 61

1000 pounds

Question 62

A _________is an organism that primarily eats plants. Quiz 4-2

Answer 62

herbivore

Question 63

All trophic pyramids have ____________ as the top level. Quiz 4-2

Answer 63

carnivores

Question 64

The lowest annual rates of primary productivity (gCorg/m2/yr) are in Quiz 4-2

Answer 64

open oceans.

Question 65

The primary producers in a hydrothermal vent (Black Smoker) community are Quiz 4-3

Answer 65

bacteria

Question 66

An example of complete food chain for a chemosynthetic hydrothermal vent community includes Quiz 4-3

Answer 66

chemosynthetic bacteria tube worms crabs and other scavengers

Question 67

A black smoker is Quiz 4-3

Answer 67

where hot mineral-rich water comes out on the deep sea floor.

Question 68

Black smoker (hydrothermal vent) communities Quiz 4-3

Answer 68

are found where sea-floor spreading heats up sea water.

Question 69

A chemosynthetic community: Quiz 4-3

Answer 69

black smoker (hydrothermal vent)

Question 70

________________ are members of the Black smoker community with a symbiotic relationship with chemosynthetic bacteria. Quiz 4-3

Answer 70

tube worms

Question 71

The first trophic level in the oceans is mainly

Answer 71

Phytoplankton

Question 72

Upwelling areas have higher rates of primary productivity than oceanic because __________ in upwellings

Answer 72

there are more nutrients

Question 73

In ocean ecosystems _________ is (are) used with only about 10% passed on to the next trophic level

Answer 73

energy

Question 74

The photosynthesis reaction is: carbon dioxide+________ + sunlight -----> sugar + _________

Answer 74

Water; oxygen