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Human Anatomy > Exam 4: Ch 24 Digestive System > Flashcards

Exam 4: Ch 24 Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

The digestive tract is how long

A

16 ft

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2
Q

Functions of the digestive system

A

ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport, and defecation

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3
Q

When is material ingested no longer foreign to the body

A

when it is absorbed

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4
Q

Layers of the GI tract

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. Muscularis Externa
  4. Serosa or Adventitia
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5
Q

Mucous membrane layer of the GI tract

A

Mucosa

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6
Q

Areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, etc in this layer of the GI tract

A

Submucosa

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7
Q

Usually 2 layers of smooth muscle in GI tract

A

Muscularis Externa

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8
Q

thin layer of areolar connective tissue covered by mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium) in GI tract

A

Serosa

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9
Q

Fibrous connective tissue layer in GI tract

A

Adventitia

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10
Q

Where is Serosa in the GI tract

A

Begins at the lower region of the esophagus and ends just before rectum

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11
Q

Where is Adventitia in the GI tract

A

Pharynx, most of esophagus, and rectum

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12
Q

What are the mesenteries

A

connective tissue sheets that maintain positions of abdominal organs and prevent twisting of small intestine. Nerves and blood vessels pass through it to serve the digestive organs

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13
Q

serous membrane that lines the wall of abdominal cavity

A

parietal peritoneum

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14
Q

2 layered membrane that extends to the organs of the digestive tract

A

posterior mesentery

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15
Q

lesser omentum (mesentery)

A

extends from liver to the lesser curvature of stomach

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16
Q

greater omentum (mesentery)

A

extends from greater curvature of stomach and loosely covers small intestine

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17
Q

Organ enclosed on both sides by mesentery (omenta) is described as

A

intraperitoneal

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18
Q

Organ that lies against the posterior body wall with only one side covered by peritoneum

A

retroperitoneal

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19
Q

The oral cavity starts and ends where and is lined by what

A

extends from oral fissure to fauces of oropharynx and is lined by stratified squamous epithelium

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20
Q

Lip regions and descritions

A
  1. Cutaneous region: same color as face; hair/ mustache
  2. Vermillion region: red area; hairless region where lips meet
  3. Labial mucosa: inner surface that faces gums and teeth
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21
Q

What attaches upper lip to gums and lower lip to gums

A

Superior labial frenulum and inferior labial frenulum

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22
Q

What is the epithelium on tongue (same as oral cavity)

A

stratified squamous

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23
Q

Body of tongue

A

Anterior 2/3 in oral cavity; lingual frenulum attaches body to floor of mouth

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24
Q

root of tongue

A

Posterior 1/3 in oropharynx; contains lingual tonsils

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25
Q

What are lingual papillae

A

surface projections on tongue

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26
Q

Lingual papillae that are mushroom-shaped; contain taste buds on tongue

A

Fungiform papillae

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27
Q

Lingual papillae that are cone-shaped; lack taste buds

A

Filiform papillae

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28
Q

Lingual papillae that are vertical folds on sides of tongue; contain taste buds

A

Foliate papillae

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29
Q

Lingual papillae that are anterior to sulcus terminalis; contain taste buds

A

Vallate papillae

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30
Q

Lingual papillae that dont contain taste buds

A

Filiform papillae

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31
Q

Separates the oral cavity from nasal cavity

A

Palate

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32
Q

Projection from middle of soft palate

A

uvula

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33
Q

Muscular arches; run from roof to floor; palatine tonsils in between these arches

A

Palatoglossal arch and palatopharyngeal arch

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34
Q

This muscular arch signifies the beginning of the pharynx

A

palatopharyngeal arch

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35
Q

This tooth shape serves to bite off food

A

Incisors

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36
Q

This tooth shape serves to puncture, tear and shred food

A

Canines

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37
Q

This tooth shape serves to crush and grind food

A

Premolars and Molars

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38
Q

Bony socket in mandible or maxilla in which teeth are suspended

A

Alveolus

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39
Q

Visible region of tooth above the gum

A

Crown

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40
Q

Region of tooth in alveolus

A

root

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41
Q

region with crown, root, and gum meet

A

neck

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42
Q

located in crown and upper region of the root

A

pulp cavity

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43
Q

located in lower region of the root

A

root canal

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44
Q

Compound tubuloalveolar glands that secrete saliva

A

Salivary glands

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45
Q

Functions of saliva secretion

A
  • salivary amylase (carb digestion)
  • lipases (lipid digestion)
  • Antibacterial
  • Mucus: binds and lubricates food
46
Q

Extrinsic salivary gland located beneath the ear

A

Parotid

47
Q

Extrinsic salivary gland located under body of mandible

A

submandibular (submaxillary)

48
Q

Extrinsic salivary gland located under the tongue

A

Sublingual

49
Q

Funnel shaped organ that conducts food and air called the “throat”

A

Pharynx

50
Q

Straight, muscular tube that conducts bolus to stomach

A

Esophagus

51
Q

Where is the esophagus to the trachea

A

posterior to trachea

52
Q

Esophagus is lined by what

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium and mucous glands in submucosa

53
Q

esophagus passes through this opening in the diaphragm

A

esophageal hiatus

54
Q

Ring of smooth muscle at the junction of esophagus and stomach to prevent regurgitation

A

Lower esophageal sphincter

55
Q

J shaped organ; Most dilated region of GI; where the chemical digestion of proteins begins

A

Stomach

56
Q

The stomach is lined by what epithelium

A

Mucus secreting simple columnar cells

57
Q

Temporary folds present in an empty stomach; allow for distension

A

Rugae

58
Q

Superior margin of stomach attached to lesser omentum

A

Lesser Curvature

59
Q

Inferior margin attached to the greater omentum

A

Greater Curvature

60
Q

The muscularis externa in the stomach is composed of three layers:

A

Inner oblique
middle oblique
outer longitudinal

61
Q

What happens to the bolus in the stomach

A

Becomes chyme: liquefied acidified food

62
Q

Cardia of stomach

A

short; joint esophagus

63
Q

Fundus of stomach

A

dome-shaped region

64
Q

Body of stomach

A

Bulk of stomach distal to cardia

65
Q

Pylorus of stomach

A

funnel-shaped distal region joining the duodenum

66
Q

pyloric sphincter of stomach

A

controls entry of chyme into small intestine

67
Q

Gastric glands are described as

A

simple coiled tubular glands

68
Q

Cell types found in the gastric glands

A

Mucous cells
Parietal cells
Chief cells
Enteroendocrine cells
Regenerative cells

69
Q

These cell types are found in gastric glands of primarily the upper 1/2 of stomach

A

Parietal cells and chief cells

70
Q

This cell types secretes HCl and gastric intrisic factor

A

Parietal cells

71
Q

This cell type secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase

A

chief cell

72
Q

This cell type secretes hormones in gastric glands that regulate digestion

A

Enteroendocrine cell

73
Q

Primary site of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

A

small intestine

74
Q

How long is the small intestine

A

5 m

75
Q

Initial segment of small intestine that receives chyme, bile, pancreatic enzymes, and bicarbonate ions

A

Duodenum

76
Q

bile duct and pancreatic duct opens here

A

Major duodenal papilla

77
Q

receives accessory pancreatic duct here

A

Minor duodenal papilla

78
Q

Most digestion and absorption in small intestine here

A

Jejunum

79
Q

Part of small intestine that joins cecum of large intestine

A

Ileum

80
Q

lmphatic nodules in wall of small intestine

A

Peyer Patches

81
Q

Junction of Ileum with Cecum

A

Ileocecal junction

82
Q

Sphincter formed by muscularis externa and regulates food entry into large intestine

A

Ileocecal valve

83
Q

3 Surface modifications that increase the surface area for absorption by several 100x in the small intestine.

A
  1. Plicae Circulares
  2. Villi (Villus)
  3. Microvilli
84
Q

Circular folds of the mucosa and submucosa to increase surface area

A

Plicae Circulares

85
Q

Projections of the mucosa to increase surface area

A

Villi (Villus)

86
Q

Highly folded regions of the plasma membrane of enterocytes aka brush borfer

A

Microvilli

87
Q

Cells that line a villus and their functions

A
  • Enterocytes: simple columnar epithelial cells; nutrient absorptive cells
  • Goblet cells: mucus secretion for movement of chyme
88
Q

Intestinal glands with enterocytes and goblet cells and paneth cells

A

Intestinal Crypts

89
Q

Size of the large intestine

A

5 ft x 1 in

90
Q

Primary function of large intestine

A

water and ion absorption

91
Q

Are surface modifications (plicae and villi) present

A

no

92
Q

Limited vitamin synthesis carried out by what in the large intestine

A

resident bacteria

93
Q

Epithelium in large intestine

A

simple columnar epithelium except in lower anal canal

94
Q

The 3 bands that divide the colon into 3 ribbons of muscle fascicles are called the

A

taeniae coli

95
Q

Initial segment of large intestine joins with ileum

A

Cecum

96
Q

where is the appendix located

A

Cecum of large intesine

97
Q

begins at the ileocecal valve. Passes up right side of abdominal cavity.

A

Ascending colon

98
Q

What follows the ascending colon

A

Right colic (hepatic) flexure: 90 right turn

99
Q

crosses abdominal horizontally

A

transverse colon

100
Q

turn following the transverse colon

A

Left colic (splenic) flexure

101
Q

Passes down left side of abdominal cavity

A

descending colon

102
Q

S shaped region of colon

A

Sigmoid colon

103
Q

Continuation of large intestine into pelvic cavity

A

Rectum

104
Q

mucosal folds that retain the feces

A

Transverse rectal folds

105
Q

Passes through pelvic floor. external opening is the anus

A

Anal Canal

106
Q

prevent seepage of fecal material

A

Anal Valves/sinuses

107
Q

Accessory Digestive Glands

A

Liver
Pancreas
Gallblader

108
Q

Largest gland in body

A

Liver

109
Q

Produces bile

A

Liver

110
Q

The liver receives nutrient rich blood from small intestine via

A

Porta hepatis

111
Q
A

Human Anatomy (9 decks)

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