Exam 4: Ch 21 Blood Vessels Flashcards
How many times does the Human Heart beat each day?
100,000 times
How many gallons does the human heart pump each day?
2,000 gallons
How many miles of blood vessels exist in the human body?
60,000 miles
able to wrap the earth twice
3 Major types of Blood vessels and their functions
Arteries: carry blood away from the heart
Capillaries: sites of exchange between blood and tissues
Veins: carry blood towards the heart
What are tunics
layers of the blood vessel wall
3 types of tunics with both names in order from innermost to outermost
- Tunica Interna or Tunica Intima
- Tunica Media
- Tunica Externa or Tunica Adventitia
Describe Tunica Interna
Borders the vessel lumen
innermost layer
thin layer of connective tissue covered by endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
Describe Tunica Intima
Borders the vessel lumen
innermost layer
thin layer of connective tissue covered by endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
Describe Tunica Media
Middle layer
composed of smooth muscle with collagen and elastin fibers
the thickest layer in arteries
strengthens vessel wall; prevents rupture from blood pressure
sympathetic nervous system: controls vasoconstriction/vasodilation of vessels
Describe Tunica Externa
Outermost Layer
Composed of connective tissue
Merges with connective tissue of neighboring structures
Anchors vessel
Describe Tunica Adventitia
Outermost Layer
Composed of connective tissue
Merges with connective tissue of neighboring structures
Anchors vessel
What blood vessel has the thickest walls
arteries
Which blood vessels are high pressure
arteries
What is the thickest layer in arteries
Tunica Media
What are the three classifications of Arteries with both names
- Conducting or Elastic Arteries
- Distributing or Muscular Arteries
- Resistance or Small Arteries
Describe Conducting or Elastic Arteries and give examples
Thick walls
Largest diameter
Allows low-resistance conduction of blood
withstand and smooth out large blood pressure fluctuations
elastin fivers in all 3 tunics
Ex: aorta and subclavian artery
Which type of artery has the thickest walls
Elastic or conducting arteries
Which type of artery has the largest diameter
Conducting or elastic arteries
Which type of artery allows for low-resistance conduction of blood
Elastic or conducting arteries
Which type of artery can withstand and smooth out large blood pressure fluctuations
Conducting or elastic arteries
Which type of artery has elastin fibers in all 3 tunics
Elastic or conducting arteries
Describe Distributing or Muscular Arteries and give an example
The tunica media is thick but fewer elastic fibers than conducting arteries; mostly smooth muscle
Active in vasoconstriction
distributes blood to specific organs
Ex: renal artery
Which type of artery has mostly smooth muscle in their tunica media
Distributing or Muscular Arteries
Which type of artery distributes blood to specific organs
Muscular or Distributing arteries
Describe Resistance or Small arteries and give the two types with functions
small diameters less than 0.1 mm
- arterioles: smallest diameter resistance artery. Regulates blood flow through capillary beds
- Metarterioles: Short vessels that link arterioles to capillaries.
- no continuous tunica media
- individual smooth muscle cells spread apart that function as precapillary sphincters that constrict to shut off flow to capillaries
Which type of artery has the smallest diameter
Resistance or small arteries < 0.1 mm
Which type of artery regulates blood flow through capillary beds
Small or resistance arteries, specifically arterioles
Which type of resistance artery has the smallest diameter
arterioles
Which type of artery has no continuous tunica media
resistance or small arteries, specifically metarterioles
Which type of artery has individual spaced apart smooth muscles cells that act as precapillary sphincters
small or resistance arteries, specifically metarterioles
Arterial Sense Organs
Monitor blood pressure and chemistry.
Transmit info into the brainstem to regulate heartbeat, vasomotion, and respiration.
- Carotid Sinuses
- Carotid Bodies
- Aortic Bodies
Describe capillaries and give the three classifications
- formed by a single layer of endothelium
- sites of exchange of material between the blood and tissues
- short
- Continuous
- Fenestrated
- Sinusoids
Describe continuous capillaries
skin, skeletal muscle
most common
endothelial cells joined by tight junction
intercellular clefts which are spaces between endothelial cells
no permanent openings across vessel wall
Which capillary type is found in skin and skeletal muscles
continuous capillaries
Which capillary type is most common
continuous capillaries
Which capillary type has endothelial cells joined by tight junctions
continuous capillaries
Which capillary type has no permanent openings in its vessel wall
continuous capillaries
Describe fenestrated capillaries
found in the kidney, small intestine, and endocrine glands.
the capillary wall contains filtration pores which are permanent openings in the wall.
described as “leaky”
important in organs responsible for absorption or filtration
Which capillary type is found in organs responsible for absorption or filtration
fenestrated capillaries
Which capillary type has filtration pores in the vessel wall
fenestrated capillaries
Which capillary type is described as “leaky”
fenestrated capillaries
Describe sinusoids
found in bone marrow, liver, and spleen.
Endothelium is discontinuous.
No basal lamina present.
Large fenestrations may be present in endothelial cells.
irregular blood-filled spaces
Which capillary type is found in bone marrow, liver, and spleen
sinusoids
Which capillary type has a discontinuous endothelium
sinusoids
Which capillary type has no basal lamina present
sinusoids
Which capillary type has irregular blood-filled spaces
sinusoids
Which capillary type may have large fenestrations in endothelial cells
sinusoids
Describe veins and list the 5 classifications in merging order
- capacitance vessels: largest volume of blood: 64%
- low pressure vessels
- walls are thinner than arteries
- larger lumens than arteries
- blood pressure averages 10 mm Hg
- blood flow through veins is steady
- postcapillary venules
- muscular venules
- medium veins
- large veins
- venous sinuses
How much of the total blood volume is contained in the veins
64%
How much of the total blood volume is contained in the arteries
15%
What blood vessels are low pressure
veins
Which blood vessels have the larger lumens
veins
Which blood vessel pulsates the flow of blood
arteries
Which blood vessel has a steady flow of blood
veins
What is the average blood pressure in veins
10 mm Hg
Describe Postcapillary veins
- composed of endothelium
- larger diameter than capillaries
- smallest veins
- no muscle in walls
- more porous than capillaries
- most leukocytes enter connective tissue across their walls
describe muscular venules
- merge from postcapillary venules into medium veins
- tunica media becomes present
describe medium veins
- merge from muscular venules and into large veins
- all 3 tunics present
- valves present in some. valves are extensions of the tunica intima that prevent backflow
- tunica externa is the thickest layer
describe large veins
- merge from medium veins
- smooth muscle in all 3 tunics
describe venous sinuses and give example
- very thin walls
- large lumens
- no smooth muscle in wall
- not capable of vasomotion like other veins
Ex: coronary sinus
Systemic Circuit
blood vessels conducting oxygen-rich blood away from the heart and returning oxygen-poor blood back to the heart
Aortic arch branches into
left to right
1. brachiocephalic trunk
2. left common carotid
3. left subclavian arteries
Brachiocephalic trunk gives rise to
right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery
Descending aorta names and branches
called the thoracic aorta above the diaphragm and abdominal aorta below the diaphragm.
branches into right and left common iliac arteries
What 4 pairs of arteries supply the head and neck region
- common carotid arteries
- vertebral arteries
- thyrocervical trunks
- costocervical trunks
Which head and neck arteries arise from the subclavian artery
- vertebral arteries
- Thyrocervical trunks
- costocervical trunks
Where do the common carotid arteries branch from and what do they give rise to
- right common carotid branches from the brachiocephalic trunk
- left common carotid branches from aortic arch
- both give rise to a external carotid artery and an internal carotid artery
What do he external carotid arteries supply
supplies most external structures except orbits
what do the internal carotid arteries supply
supplies orbits and 80% of cerebrum
- Enters cranial cavity through carotid canal of temporal bone
What do the vertebral arteries supply
supplies the posterior region of brain
What do the thyrocervical trunks supply
supplies the thyroid gland and scapular muscles
what do the costocervical trunks supply
supplies to deep neck muscles
Cerebral Arterial Circle’s other name
Circle of Willis
Cerebral Arterial Circle supplies what
it supplies blood to the majority of the cerebrum
What is the Cerebral Arterial Circle
it is an arterial anastomosis
Where is the Cerebral Arterial Circle
It surrounds the pituitary gland and optic chasm
What arteries supply the Cerebral Arterial Circle
The internal carotid arteries and basilar artery
What arteries are considered the primary paired arteries of the Cerebral Arterial Circle
- Anterior cerebral arteries - terminal branches of internal carotids
- Internal carotid arteries
- Posterior cerebral arteries - terminal branches of basilar artery
What arteries are considered the connecting arteries of the Cerebral Arterial Circle and what do they connect
- Anterior communicating artery - connects anterior cerebral arteries
- Posterior communicating arteries - connect carotids to posterior cerebral arteries
Visceral branches of thoracic aorta and function
They all serve viscera in the thoracic cavity
1. Bronchial arteries - usually 2 on the left and 1 on the right. Supply bronchi, bronchioles, larger pulmonary vessels, visceral pleura, pericardium, and esophagus
2. Esophageal arteries - supply blood to the esophagus.
3. Mediastinal arteries - supply blood to the posterior mediastinum
What arteries serve the viscera in the thoracic cavity
Visceral branches of thoracic aorta
What artery branches from the thoracic aorta and supplies bronchi and bronchioles
Bronchial arteries
Which arteries branch from the thoracic aorta and supplies the esophagus
Esophageal and Bronchial arteries
Which artery branches from the thoracic aorta and supplies the posterior mediastinum
Mediastinal arteries
Parietal Branches of Thoracic aorta
supply the muscles/bones/skin of the thoracic cavity.
- Superior phrenic arteries - supply the diaphragm (superior and posterior)
What artery supplies the superior and posterior diaphragm
superior phrenic arteries
What arteries supply the muscles, bones, and skin of the thoracic cavity
Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
superior phrenic arteries
Branches of the Subclavian artery
- Posterior intercostal arteries - enlarged in females, supplies breasts and other areas.
- Subcostal arteries
- Internal Thoracic artery (mammary) - supplies breast and anterior body wall
What artery is known as the mammary artery
The internal thoracic artery
Where does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery
the margin of the 1st rib
Branches of the axillary branches and functions
- thoracoacromial artery - supplies superior shoulder and pectoral regions
- lateral thoracic artery - supplies lateral structures of the thorax and breast
- subscapular artery - supplies blood to muscles of scapula and shoulder
- Anterior/Posterior circumflex humeral arteries - supplies blood to shoulder joint and deltoids
Arteries of the Upper Limb and functions
- Brachial artery: continuation of axillary artery beyond the circumflex humeral arteries; supplies blood to anterior flexors of the arm; most common site of blood pressure measurements.
- It gives rise to: - Radial Artery: runes along the lateral side of the forearm by the radius; serves lateral forearm muscles; common place to take pulse
- Ulnar Artery: runes along the medial side of the forearm by the ulna; serves medial forearm muscles
- Which both give rise to:
Palmar Arches: anastomoses of the radial and ulnar arteries at wrist
What artery supplies the superior shoulder and pectoral regions
thoracoacromial artery
What artery supplies lateral structures of the thorax and breast
lateral thoracic artery
what artery supplies blood to the muscles of scapula and shoulder
subscapular artery
what artery supplies blood to the shoulder joint and scapula
Anterior/posterior circumflex humeral arteries
This artery is commonly used to measure blood pressure
brachial artery
This artery is commonly used to take a pulse in the arm
Radial artery
This artery supplies blood to the anterior flexors of the arm
brachial artery
Major Branches of the Abdominal Aorta and functions
- Inferior phrenic arteries: supply the inferior surface of the diaphragm
- Celiac trunk: short, slightly longer than 1 cm - supplies upper abdominal viscera
- Superior mesenteric artery
- Middle suprarenal arteries: supply blood to the adrenal glands
- Renal arteries: supply blood to the kidneys
- Ovarian or Testicular Arteries (Gonadal arteries): supply blood to the ovaries/testes
- Inferior mesenteric artery
- Common Iliac arteries: originate branching of the inferior end of the aorta - each branch forms an internal and external iliac artery
3 branches of the celiac trunk and their functions
- common hepatic artery: branches and supplies the stomach, head of the pancreas, part of the duodenum, liver, and gallbladder
- Left gastric artery: supplies the stomach
- Splenic artery: supplies the spleen
What arteries supply the kidneys?
Renal arteries
What arteries supply the adrenal glands
suprarenal arteries
What arteries supply the gonads
gonadal arteries
What arteries supply the upper abdominal viscera
celiac trunk
What arteries supply the inferior surface of the diaphragm
Inferior phrenic arteries
what arteries supply the stomach
common hepatic artery and the left gastric artery
what arteries supply the spleen
splenic artery
Mesenteric arteries functions and branches
Both mesenteric arteries branch from the abdominal aorta.
1. Superior mesenteric artery: Major blood supply to the intestines
- its branches collectively supply blood to most of the small intestine and the proximal half of the large intestine
2. Inferior mesenteric artery
- its branches collectively supply blood to the distal half of the large intestine
What artery primarily supplies the small intestine and half of the large intestine
Superior mesenteric artery
What artery supplies the distal half of the large intestine
inferior mesenteric artery
What are the arteries of the pelvic region to the knee and their functions
- Internal iliac arteries: supply blood to the pelvic wall and viscera
- External iliac arteries: supply lower limbs. It becomes the femoral artery after it passes behind the inguinal ligament
- Femoral artery: supplies blood to the thighs and becomes the popliteal artery as it passes through the popliteal fossa.
- Popliteal artery: Genicular arteries (anastomoses) originating from the popliteal arteries supply the knee joint
what arteries supply the pelvic wall and viscera
internal iliac arteries
what arteries ultimately supply all of the lower limbs
external iliac arteries
Arteries of the leg and foot and their functions
- Anterior tibial artery: branch of the popliteal artery that supplies extensor muscles
Gives rise to:
- Dorsal artery of the foot: continuation of the anterior tibial artery at the ankle
- Arcuate artery: branches supply the toes - Posterior tibial artery: continuation of the popliteal artery in the popliteal fossa at the rear of the knee and supplies flexor muscles
Gives rise to:
- Medial plantar artery: bifurcation of the posterior tibial artery at ankle that supplies the big toe
- lateral plantar artery: bifurcation of the posterior tibial artery at ankle that gives rise to the deep plantar arch which supplies blood to the toes
- Fibular artery: branch of the posterior tibial artery at the knee that supplies muscles of leg and ends at the heel
What artery supplies the extensor muscles of the leg
Anterior tibial artery
What artery supplies the flexor muscles of the leg
Posterior tibial artery
What arteries result from the bifurcation of the posterior tibial artery
medial and lateral plantar arteries
What artery branches from the posterior tibial artery and supplies leg muscles ending in the heel
Fibular artery
Dural Venous Sinuses
collect blood from veins serving the brain. They are blood filled spaces between layers of dura mater
What are blood filled spaces between layers of dura mater
dural venous sinuses
Internal Jugular vein
receives most of the blood from the brain and empties into subclavian vein
What vein receives most of the blood from the brain and empties into subclavian vein
Internal jugular vein
Veins of the upper limbs ultimately lead where
axillary and subclavian veins
Superficial veins of the upper limbs
More visible, smaller diameter, and carry less blood than deep veins
- Dorsal venous network
- Cephalic Vein
- Basilic vein
- Median cubital vein
Dorsal venous network
vein plexus; visible on back of hand; empties into cephalic and basilic vein
Cephalic ven
common IV administration site at distal end. Arises from the dorsal venous network and travels up the lateral forearm and arm to the shoulder where it joins the axillary vein
What vein superficial vein travels up the lateral side of the arm
Cephalic vein
What superficial vein travels up the medial side of the arm
Basilic vein
Basilic vein
arises form the medial side of the dorsal venous network and travels to the shoulder to connect to the axillary vein
Median cubital vein
Short anastomosis between cephalic and basilic; crosses cubital foss; common blood drawing spot
Where do you common have blood drawn from
Median cubital vein
What vein is the anastomosis between the cephalic and basilic veins
Median cubital vein
Deep Veins of the upper arm
- Deep and superficial venous palmar archers
- Radial veins - 2
- Ulnar veins - 2
- Brachia veins - 2
- Axillary vein
- Subclavian vein
What veins converge to form the brachial vein
the radial veins and ulnar veins
Deep and superficial venous palmar arches
deep veins that receive blood from the fingers and palms
What 2 veins run the lateral side of the forearm
Radial veins
What 2 veins run the medial side of forearm
Ulnar veins
What 2 veins are formed by the merging of the ulnar and radial veins and runs up the the arm to converge at the axillary region
Brachial veins
What vein is formed by the merging of brachial and basilic veins
Axillary veins
Where does the subclavian vein start
At the margin of the 1st rib, the axillary vein becomes the subclavian vein
Tributaries of the Superior Vena Cava
- Subclavian Vein
- Brachiocephalic Vein
- Azygos Vein
What vein conducts blood from the upper limb into the superior vena cava
subclavian vein
what vein forms from the union of subclavian and internal jugular veins
brachiocephalic vein
what vein receives blood from the vertebrae, thyroid, upper thoracic wall, and breast and drains into the superior vena cava
brachiocephalic vein
Azygos system function and veins
principal venous drainage of thoracic organs
1. Azygos vein - empties into superior vena cava
2. hemiazygos vein - empties into azygos
3. Accessory hemiazygos vein - empties into azygos
Where does the superior vena cava form and where does it empty
formed by the union of right and left brachiocephalic veins and empties into the right atrium
What is the largest blood vessel in the body
Inferior Vena cava
Formation and location of inferior vena cava
formed by the union of right and left common iliac veins and lies to the right of the aorta and is retroperitoneal
Tributaries of the Inferior Vena Caba and functions
- Internal iliac vein - drains urinary bladder, rectum, prostate, ductus deferens, uterus, and vagina
- Gonadal veins - drains gonads
- Renal veins - drains kidneys
- Suprarenal veins - drain adrenal glands
- Hepatic veins - drain liver
What veins drain the liver
hepatic veins
What veins drain the adrenal glands
suprarenal veins
what veins drain the kidney
renal veins
Inferior mesenteric vein
conducts blood from rectum and distal colon
Superior mesenteric vein
conducts blood from the small intestine. ascending/transverse colon, and stomach
Splenic vein
drains blood from spleen and pancreas
Superficial veins of lower limbs and functions
- Dorsal venous arch: visible on the dorsum of the foot (top of the foot); collects blood from toes and proximal part of the foot.
- Small saphenous vein: lateral side of dorsal venous arch up to knee; drains into popliteal vein
- Great saphenous vein: longest vein in the body; medial side of dorsal venous arch all the way up to the inguinal region; empties into the femoral vein
What is the longest vein in the body
Great saphenous vein
What vein runs from the lateral side of dorsal venous arch and drains into the popliteal vein
small saphenous vein
Deep veins of the lower limb (10)
- Deep plantar venous arch
- Lateral and medial plantar veins
- Posterior tibial veins (2)
- Fibular veins (2)
- Popliteal vein
- Anterior tibial veins (2)
- Femoral veins
- External iliac vein
- Internal iliac vein
- Common iliac vein
What deep veins drain blood from toes and give rise to the lateral and medial plantar veins
Deep plantar venous arch
What vein gives rise to fibular veins
Lateral plantar vein
What deep veins pass upward deep in calf muscles and merge like an inverted Y
Posterior tibial veins
What deep veins move up back of leg and merge like an inverted Y
Fibular veins
What vein results from the merging of posterior tibial veins and fibular veins near the knee
popliteal vein
What veins pass through the anterior compartment of the leg between the tibia and fibula
Anterior tibial veins
What vein results in the continuation of the popliteal vein into the thigh
femoral vein
What vein is formed by the union of the femoral vein and great saphenous vein
external iliac vein
What vein is formed by the union of the external and internal iliac veins
common iliac vein
