Exam 4: Ch 23 Respiratory System Flashcards
How many alveoli exist in your lungs
300 million
total length of of airways in lungs
1500 miles
Humans take how many breaths per year
6 million
How many lobes and fissures exist in the right lung
3 lobes and 2 fissures:
Superior lobe
Horizontal fissure
middle lobe
Oblique fissure
inferior lobe
How many lobes and fissures exist in the left lung
2 lobes 1 fissure:
superior lobe
oblique fissure
inferior lobe
blunt superior end of lung: projects above clavicle
Apex
Broad concave inferior region; sits on diaphragm
Base
slit on mediastinal surface of lung; wedge shaped
Hilum
Primary bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves; suspend lung from mediastinum
root
Region of cardiac impression visible on anterior surface of left lung
cardiac notch or impression
exchange of gases
respiration
exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lung and the blood
External respiration
exchange of gases between blood and body cells
internal respiration
movement of air into or out of lungs
ventilation
Upper respiratory system
nose through larynx
Lower respiratory system
trachea through alveoli
Nose functions and location
Warms, filters, and moistens air
Extends from nares to posterior nasal aperture
Nose support
Bone supports superior region
Cartilage supports inferior region
Ala nasi
Flared, lateral. lower regions of nose
Nasal cavity
air enters vestibule which is lined by stratified squamous epithelium and vibrissae (nose hairs)
nasal fossae
the right and left halves of the nasal cavity separated by the nasal septum
Parts of the Nasal septum
Vomer - inferior
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid - superior
Septal nasal cartilage - anterior
Roof of nasal cavity is formed by
ethmoid and sphenoid bones
Floor of nasal cavity is formed by
hard palate that separates oral and nasal cavities
3 bony scrolls that increase air turbulence in the nasal cavity ensuring entering air comes into contact with mucous membrane
nasal conchae
From what wall do the the nasal conchae project
lateral walls -> <-
Classify the 3 nasal conchae and what bones make them up
Superior conchae - ethmoid bone
middle conchae - ethmoid bone
inferior conchae - pair of nasal bones
Narrow air passageway beneath conchae
Meatus
Respiratory epithelium
pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Lines nasal cavity except for the vestibule and the olfactory region
Columnar cells with narrow basal region and expanded apical region: secrete mucus to trap nongaseuos debris
Goblet Cells
Columnar cells with nucleus located in basal region; equipped with movable cilia to move mucus and debris towards pharyx for removal
Ciliated columnar cells
Columnar cells that secrete a serous fluid so mucus glides more easily
Serous cells
Olfactory epithelium
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Lines roof of nasal cavity, upper region of septum, and superior conchae
Bipolar neurons. Long, nonmobile olfactory cilia project from apical region and lie on the surface of the epithelium
Olfactory cells
Columnar cells with microvili on apical surface; provide physical support, nourishment, and electrical insulation for olfactory cells
Sustentacular cells
Funnel shaped muscular organ commonly referred to as the throat
Pharynx
Location of the pharynx and its zones and their locations
Extends from posterior nasal apertures to the larynx
1. nasopharynx - posterior to posterior nasal apertures and soft palate
2. Oropharynx - extends from inferior region of soft palate to epiglottis
3. Laryngopharynx - extends from epiglottis to opening into esophagus
What zone of the pharynx communicates with the nasal cavities and what part of the nasal cavity communicates to it
The nasopharynx and the posterior nasal apertures (choanae)
What zone of the pharynx communicates with the oral cavity
oropharynx
What zone of the pharynx communicates with the larynx
Layrngopharynx
What zone of the pharynx is lined with stratified squamous epithelium
Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx
What zone of the pharynx is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium
nasopharynx
Organ for sound production
Larynx
opening into larynx
Glottis
Glottis vs epiglottis
The glottis opens into the larynx and is responsible for the production of sound. While the epiglottis is a cartilaginous flap on top of the glottis that prevents the food from entering the larynx.
Tissue flap that covers glottis when swallowing to prevent choking
Epiglottis
How many cartilages support the wall of the larynx, name them, and describe them.
9 total and 6 names
1. Epiglottic: single spoon-shaped cartilage in epiglottis
2. Thyroid: single, largest; shield-like shape; covers anterior and lateral aspect of the larynx; laryngeal prominence: Adam’s apple
3. Cricoid: single; ring-like; below thyroid cartilage
4. Arytenoid: Double; posterior to thyroid cartilage
5. Corniculate: Double; tiny, horn shaped cartilages attached to upper region of arytenoid cartilages
6. Cuneiform: Double; support soft tissue between arytenoids and epiglottis
What larynx cartilages are single
epiglottic, thyroid, and cricoid
What larynx cartilages are doubled or paired
arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform
what is the largest larynx cartilage
thyroid
what creates the adam’s apple
thyroid cartilage
Close larynx when swallowing to prevent choking
Vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
Inferior to vestibular folds. Vibrate as air moves across producing sound
Vocal Cords (vocal folds)
Cilia move mucous with trapped debris toward pharynx
Mucociliary escalator
What is the trachea lined by and what two important cell types does it contain
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium that contains ciliated cells and mucus-secreting goblet cells
The wall of the trachea is supported by what and why
supported by 16-20 C shaped cartilage supports to prevent the trachea from collapsing during ventilation
contraction/relaxation of this muscle narrows/widens the lumen of the trachea to adjust airflow
trachealis muscle
What allows for the elongation of the trachea during inspiration
adjacent cartilages connected by fibroelastic connective tissue
Internal median ridge that bifurcates the trachea giving rise to the right and left Main (primary) bronchus
carina
Just like the trachea, the wall of the bronchi are supported by
C-shaped cartilage supports
Right and Left main bronchus differences
Right main bronchus:
- wider and straighter
- trifurcates before entering the hilum
- gives rise to the right lobar bronchi that enter a lobe of the right lung
Left main bronchus
- narrower and curvier
- bifurcates before entering the hilum
- gives rise to the left lobar bronchi that enter a lobe of the left lung
How many lobar bronchi are there
5; 2 inn left lung; 3 in right
Produced by the branching of the main brochi
lobar bronchi
What changes in the lobar bronchi from the main bronchi
- C-shaped cartilages are replaced by cartilage plates
- the walls become thinner and diameter decreases
Produced by the branching of the lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Each of these ventilates a bronchopulmonary segment in the lungs
Segmental bronchi
Discrete anatomical and structural unit separated by layers of connective tissue and help limit the spread of disease in the lungs
bronchopulmonary segment
How many segmental bronchi and bronchopulmonary segments are in each lung
10 in right; 8 in left
Formed from the branching of segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
How big are bronchioles vs terminal bronchioles
> 1 mm and >0.5 mm
What changes in bronchioles from segmental bronchi
smooth muscle replaces cartilage in wall; goblet cells are replaced by clara cells to detoxify harmful molecules
Formed by the branching of bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Wall is interrupted by alveoli and conduct air and function in gas exhange
respiratory bronchioles
linear sequence of alveoli
Alveolar ducts
clusters of alveoli
Alveolar sacs
Gas exchange regions of lungs
alveoli
2 cell types of alveoli and descriptions
Type I Alveolar Cells: simple squamous cells; site of gas exchange between lungs and blood; 95% of surface area
Type II Alveolar Cells: simple cuboidal cells with round nuclei; secrete surfactant: decreases surface tension in alveoli (prevents alveoli from collapsing)
These cells phagocytize surfactant, dust, etc and migrate between type I alveolar cells and enter alveolus; removed by mucociliary escalator to pharynx; 100 million migrate to bronchi each day
Alveolar Macrophages
Double serous membranes enclosing each lung
Pleurae
Adheres to surface of lung. At hilum turns back in on itself and forms parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
adheres to mediastinum, inner surface of rib cage, and superior surface of diaphragm
Parietal pleura
Space between the pleural membranes
pleural cavity
