Exam 4: Ch 23 Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
How many alveoli exist in your lungs
A
300 million
2
Q
total length of of airways in lungs
A
1500 miles
3
Q
Humans take how many breaths per year
A
6 million
4
Q
How many lobes and fissures exist in the right lung
A
3 lobes and 2 fissures:
Superior lobe
Horizontal fissure
middle lobe
Oblique fissure
inferior lobe
5
Q
How many lobes and fissures exist in the left lung
A
2 lobes 1 fissure:
superior lobe
oblique fissure
inferior lobe
6
Q
blunt superior end of lung: projects above clavicle
A
Apex
7
Q
Broad concave inferior region; sits on diaphragm
A
Base
8
Q
slit on mediastinal surface of lung; wedge shaped
A
Hilum
9
Q
Primary bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves; suspend lung from mediastinum
A
root
10
Q
Region of cardiac impression visible on anterior surface of left lung
A
cardiac notch or impression
11
Q
exchange of gases
A
respiration
12
Q
exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lung and the blood
A
External respiration
13
Q
exchange of gases between blood and body cells
A
internal respiration
14
Q
movement of air into or out of lungs
A
ventilation
15
Q
Upper respiratory system
A
nose through larynx
16
Q
Lower respiratory system
A
trachea through alveoli
17
Q
Nose functions and location
A
Warms, filters, and moistens air
Extends from nares to posterior nasal aperture
18
Q
Nose support
A
Bone supports superior region
Cartilage supports inferior region
19
Q
Ala nasi
A
Flared, lateral. lower regions of nose
20
Q
Nasal cavity
A
air enters vestibule which is lined by stratified squamous epithelium and vibrissae (nose hairs)
21
Q
nasal fossae
A
the right and left halves of the nasal cavity separated by the nasal septum
22
Q
Parts of the Nasal septum
A
Vomer - inferior
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid - superior
Septal nasal cartilage - anterior
23
Q
Roof of nasal cavity is formed by
A
ethmoid and sphenoid bones
24
Q
Floor of nasal cavity is formed by
A
hard palate that separates oral and nasal cavities
25
3 bony scrolls that increase air turbulence in the nasal cavity ensuring entering air comes into contact with mucous membrane
nasal conchae
26
From what wall do the the nasal conchae project
lateral walls -> <-
27
Classify the 3 nasal conchae and what bones make them up
Superior conchae - ethmoid bone
middle conchae - ethmoid bone
inferior conchae - pair of nasal bones
28
Narrow air passageway beneath conchae
Meatus
29
Respiratory epithelium
pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Lines nasal cavity except for the vestibule and the olfactory region
30
Columnar cells with narrow basal region and expanded apical region: secrete mucus to trap nongaseuos debris
Goblet Cells
31
Columnar cells with nucleus located in basal region; equipped with movable cilia to move mucus and debris towards pharyx for removal
Ciliated columnar cells
32
Columnar cells that secrete a serous fluid so mucus glides more easily
Serous cells
33
Olfactory epithelium
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Lines roof of nasal cavity, upper region of septum, and superior conchae
34
Bipolar neurons. Long, nonmobile olfactory cilia project from apical region and lie on the surface of the epithelium
Olfactory cells
35
Columnar cells with microvili on apical surface; provide physical support, nourishment, and electrical insulation for olfactory cells
Sustentacular cells
36
Funnel shaped muscular organ commonly referred to as the throat
Pharynx
37
Location of the pharynx and its zones and their locations
Extends from posterior nasal apertures to the larynx
1. nasopharynx - posterior to posterior nasal apertures and soft palate
2. Oropharynx - extends from inferior region of soft palate to epiglottis
3. Laryngopharynx - extends from epiglottis to opening into esophagus
38
What zone of the pharynx communicates with the nasal cavities and what part of the nasal cavity communicates to it
The nasopharynx and the posterior nasal apertures (choanae)
39
What zone of the pharynx communicates with the oral cavity
oropharynx
40
What zone of the pharynx communicates with the larynx
Layrngopharynx
41
What zone of the pharynx is lined with stratified squamous epithelium
Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx
42
What zone of the pharynx is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium
nasopharynx
43
Organ for sound production
Larynx
44
opening into larynx
Glottis
45
Glottis vs epiglottis
The glottis opens into the larynx and is responsible for the production of sound. While the epiglottis is a cartilaginous flap on top of the glottis that prevents the food from entering the larynx.
46
Tissue flap that covers glottis when swallowing to prevent choking
Epiglottis
47
How many cartilages support the wall of the larynx, name them, and describe them.
9 total and 6 names
1. Epiglottic: single spoon-shaped cartilage in epiglottis
2. Thyroid: single, largest; shield-like shape; covers anterior and lateral aspect of the larynx; laryngeal prominence: Adam's apple
3. Cricoid: single; ring-like; below thyroid cartilage
4. Arytenoid: Double; posterior to thyroid cartilage
5. Corniculate: Double; tiny, horn shaped cartilages attached to upper region of arytenoid cartilages
6. Cuneiform: Double; support soft tissue between arytenoids and epiglottis
48
What larynx cartilages are single
epiglottic, thyroid, and cricoid
49
What larynx cartilages are doubled or paired
arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform
50
what is the largest larynx cartilage
thyroid
51
what creates the adam's apple
thyroid cartilage
52
Close larynx when swallowing to prevent choking
Vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
53
Inferior to vestibular folds. Vibrate as air moves across producing sound
Vocal Cords (vocal folds)
54
Cilia move mucous with trapped debris toward pharynx
Mucociliary escalator
55
What is the trachea lined by and what two important cell types does it contain
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium that contains ciliated cells and mucus-secreting goblet cells
56
The wall of the trachea is supported by what and why
supported by 16-20 C shaped cartilage supports to prevent the trachea from collapsing during ventilation
57
contraction/relaxation of this muscle narrows/widens the lumen of the trachea to adjust airflow
trachealis muscle
58
What allows for the elongation of the trachea during inspiration
adjacent cartilages connected by fibroelastic connective tissue
59
Internal median ridge that bifurcates the trachea giving rise to the right and left Main (primary) bronchus
carina
60
Just like the trachea, the wall of the bronchi are supported by
C-shaped cartilage supports
61
Right and Left main bronchus differences
Right main bronchus:
- wider and straighter
- trifurcates before entering the hilum
- gives rise to the right lobar bronchi that enter a lobe of the right lung
Left main bronchus
- narrower and curvier
- bifurcates before entering the hilum
- gives rise to the left lobar bronchi that enter a lobe of the left lung
62
How many lobar bronchi are there
5; 2 inn left lung; 3 in right
63
Produced by the branching of the main brochi
lobar bronchi
64
What changes in the lobar bronchi from the main bronchi
1. C-shaped cartilages are replaced by cartilage plates
2. the walls become thinner and diameter decreases
65
Produced by the branching of the lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
66
Each of these ventilates a bronchopulmonary segment in the lungs
Segmental bronchi
67
Discrete anatomical and structural unit separated by layers of connective tissue and help limit the spread of disease in the lungs
bronchopulmonary segment
68
How many segmental bronchi and bronchopulmonary segments are in each lung
10 in right; 8 in left
69
Formed from the branching of segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
70
How big are bronchioles vs terminal bronchioles
>1 mm and >0.5 mm
71
What changes in bronchioles from segmental bronchi
smooth muscle replaces cartilage in wall; goblet cells are replaced by clara cells to detoxify harmful molecules
72
Formed by the branching of bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
73
Wall is interrupted by alveoli and conduct air and function in gas exhange
respiratory bronchioles
74
linear sequence of alveoli
Alveolar ducts
75
clusters of alveoli
Alveolar sacs
76
Gas exchange regions of lungs
alveoli
77
2 cell types of alveoli and descriptions
Type I Alveolar Cells: simple squamous cells; site of gas exchange between lungs and blood; 95% of surface area
Type II Alveolar Cells: simple cuboidal cells with round nuclei; secrete surfactant: decreases surface tension in alveoli (prevents alveoli from collapsing)
78
These cells phagocytize surfactant, dust, etc and migrate between type I alveolar cells and enter alveolus; removed by mucociliary escalator to pharynx; 100 million migrate to bronchi each day
Alveolar Macrophages
79
Double serous membranes enclosing each lung
Pleurae
80
Adheres to surface of lung. At hilum turns back in on itself and forms parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
81
adheres to mediastinum, inner surface of rib cage, and superior surface of diaphragm
Parietal pleura
82
Space between the pleural membranes
pleural cavity
