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Anatomy > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Abdomen

A

Section of the trunk between the thorax and the pelvis

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2
Q

Abdominal Regions

A

Right/Left Hypochondriac, Epigastric, Right/Left Lumbar, Umbilical, Right/Left Inguinal, and Hypogastric/Pubic

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3
Q

Why are the Abdominal Regions important?

A

Help to describe the locations of abdominal organs and pathologies, including the location of symptoms such as pain

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4
Q

Transpyloric Plane

A

Anteriorly crosses tips of 9th costal cartilages and posteriorly lower 1st lumbar vertebra, many organs found here (pylorus, superior part of duodenum, duodenojejunal flexure, fundus of gallbladder)

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5
Q

What is beneath the Muscle Layer?

A

The transversal is fascia (extraperitoneal fat) and the peritoneum (deeper layer)

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6
Q

What are the two fasciae beneath the skin?

A

Fatty Fascia (Campers Fascia) and the Deep Membranous Layer (Scarpas Fascia)

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7
Q

What is the Superficial Perineal Fascia

A

Also called Colle’s Fascia, attaches to the ischiopubic rami of the hip bone and fuses laterally to the deep fascia of the thigh

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8
Q

Lumbar Puncture

A

Needle inserted into the back either superior or inferior to the spinous process, L3-L5 vertebrae, purpose to withdraw CSF

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9
Q

Superficial Abdominal Muscle Innervation

A

6 lower intercostal nerves and L1

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10
Q

Function of Superficial Muscles

A

Compress abdominal viscera, flex and rotate the trunk (lumbar vertebrae), expiratory muscles

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11
Q

External Abdominal Oblique Muscles

A

On the 5-12 ribs, fibers point towards the pubic symphysis, assists in exhaling, is part of forming the thicker structure called the Iguinal Ligament

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12
Q

Internal Abdominal Oblique Muscles

A

Fan shaped muscle, fibers point towards breast, assists in exhaling, forming part of the rectus sheath (cranial and middle and caudal sections)

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13
Q

Cremaster Muscle

A

Spermatic cord a continuation of the caudal section, reflex innervation femoral branch of the genitogmeoral nerve and/or inguinal nerve (Afferent) and genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve, L1-L2 (Efferent)

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14
Q

Transversus Abdominis

A

Runs transversely and merges into the aponeurosis, forming the posterior layer of the rectus sheath superior to the arcuate line, innervation intercostal nerves T7-T11

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15
Q

Rectus Abdominis

A

Stabilizes pelvis and supports the abdominal viscera, helps with expirations and rotation of trunk, contraction can produce force, innervated by intercostal nerves and subcostal nerve (T7-T12)

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16
Q

Pyramidalis

A

Small, triangular muscle that lies anterior to the inferior section of the rectus abdomens in the rectus sheath but can be absent in some people, though to tense up the linea alba

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17
Q

Rectus Sheath

A

Aponeurosis of the abdominal muscles (external and internal obliques) surrounding the rectus abdominis, terminates in curved edge, arcuate line

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18
Q

Contents of Rectus Sheath

A

Rectus abdominis muscle, inferior/superior epigastric vessels, pyramidalis, lymphatic muscles, anterior primary rami of five lower intercostal nerves (including subcostal)

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19
Q

Vessels/Innervation of Rectus Sheath

A

Inferior/Superior epigastric vessels, subcostal nerve, costal nerve

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20
Q

Iliohypogastric and Ilioinguinal Nerves

A

Not in the rectus sheath, innervate the pubic area,

external genitalia and medial and upper parts of the thigh

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21
Q

Inguinal Ligament

A

At iliac crest, aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique rolls on itself to form this ligament

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22
Q

Superficial Inguinal Ring

A

Opening the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique in the inferomedial section, directly above the inguinal ligament, attaches to front of pubic symphysis

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23
Q

Deep Inguinal Ring

A

Opening in the Transversalis Fascia, in the hypogastric region

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24
Q

Transversalis Fascia

A

Deep fascia beneath the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles

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25
Q

Inguinal Canal

A

Lies within the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles, contains the spermatic cord or the round ligament of the uterus

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26
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

The absence of one or both testes in the scrotum, due to failure of the testes to descend in the inguinal canal during development

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27
Q

Hernia

A

Break of small or large intestine that pushes out

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28
Q

Most Common Type of Herniation?

A

Direct and indirect inguinal hernias

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29
Q

Indirect Hernia’s

A

Lateral to epigastric vessels, passes through the inguinal canal (inside spermatic cord), high risk of strangulation/ infarct, congenital and acquired, in younger people, bigger in size

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30
Q

Direct Hernia’s

A

Medial to epigastric vessels, don’t pass through the inguinal canal (parallels spermatic cord), low risk of strangulation/ infarct, are almost always acquired, middle age man (over 40), smaller in size

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31
Q

Umbilical Hernia

A

Can happen to newborn’s due to e=weak abdominal walls

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32
Q

Omental (Epiploic) Foramen or Foramen of Winslow

A

Site of internal herniation and strangulation of part of intestine into the lesser sac, surgery should be done from the other side and not touching the ports hepatic, and the artery to gall bladder (cystic artery) can be reached through this foramen

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33
Q

Peritoneum

A

Serous membrane, lines the body cavities, think layer of simple squamous epithelium, two layers (parietal and visceral)

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34
Q

Intraperitoneal Organs

A

Connected to the peritoneum, stomach, spleen, parts of intestines

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35
Q

Retroperitoneal Organs

A

Lie behind the peritoneum, partly covered on one surface, Suprarenal (adrenal) glands, Aorta/Inferior Vena Cava, Duodenum (second and third segments), Pancreas, Ureters, Colon (ascending and descending only), Kidneys, Esophagus, Rectum

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36
Q

Mesentery

A

Double layer of peritoneum containing the blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves and fat, connects intestines to posterior abdominal wall for a neurovascular connection between the organ and the body wall

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37
Q

Mesentery Root

A

From the L2 vertebra to the ileocecal junction

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38
Q

How to gain access to lesser sac and posterior wall of stomach?

A

Cut through the transverse mesocolon which raises when the greater omentum raises

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39
Q

Second Large Intestine Mesentery

A

Sigmoid Mesocolon

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40
Q

Lesser Omentum Location

A

Between the lesser curvature of the stomach and the ports hepatic of the liver

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41
Q

Greater Omentum

A

Apron-like fold of peritoneum, extending downward toward greater curvature of the stomach, and then passes behind the transverse colon, and attaches to the posterior abdominal wall

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42
Q

Greater Omentum Function

A

Prevents the visceral peritoneum from adhering to the parietal peritoneum, protects against infection or inflammatory confidants, can move toward an infected area waling off infections and forms adhesions, can act as an insulator

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43
Q

Example of the Greater Omentum in Action

A

During appendicitis, greater omentum moves toward the infected and enlarged appendix and surrounds it so that if rupture occurs the consequences are lessened

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44
Q

Subphrenic Spaces Location

A

Between the diaphragm and the liver on both sides of the falciform ligament

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45
Q

Right Subphrenic Space

A

Hepatorenal pouch of Morison, site of fluid accumulation during complications, respiratory problems can occur particularly after surgery (peritonitis)

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46
Q

Paracolic Gutters or Recesses

A

Supracolic and infracolic compartments are connected by this, which lies between the posterolateral abdominal wall and the lateral aspect of the ascending or descending colon

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47
Q

Rectouterine Pouch

A

In females, deep part of the pelvic cavity and is the site of fluid accumulation (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)

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48
Q

Pouch Behind Urinary Bladder (Male and Female)

A

Rectovesical Pouch and Vesicouterine Pouch

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49
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation and pain of the peritoneum after abdominal inner, perforated ulcer or infections like appendicitis

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50
Q

Ascites

A

The peritoneum exudates fluid and cells in response to injury or infection (liver cirrhosis)

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51
Q

Paracentesis

A

Puncturing the peritoneal cavity for aspiration of the fluid

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52
Q

Beer Belly

A

Called Ascites, increase in blood pressure of portal view, fluid now into interstitial space, affects those with liver cirrhosis and treatment is paracentesis

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53
Q

Where is the esophagus, stomach and intestine derived from?

A

The primordial foregut,

midgut and hindgut

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54
Q

Esophagus Location

A

C6 to T10/T12 and lies on the vertebral column

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55
Q

3 Esophagus Narrowings

A

Upper sphincter, Aortic narrowing, Diaphragmatic narrowing

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56
Q

Esophagus Function

A

Transporting the bolus to the stomach

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57
Q

Esophagus Innervation

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic (Vagus)

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58
Q

Cardia

A

Location of esophagus meeting the stomach

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59
Q

Blood Supply of Esophagus

A

Inferior Thyroid Artery (Upper)
Thoracic Aorta/Bronchiole Arteries (Middle)
Left Gastric Artery/Inferior Phrenic Artery (Lower)

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60
Q

Esophagus Drainage

A

Inferior thyroid vein, azygos, hemiazaygos, and gastric veins (gastric veins are draining into portal vein, via Porto Caval Anastomosis)

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61
Q

Esophagus Cell Type

A

Stratified non-keratinized squamous epithelium (at the Cardia switches to columnar, due to more acidic environment)

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62
Q

Esophageal Varices

A

Patients with liver cirrhosis, bleeding in the esophagus

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63
Q

Esophageal Atresia

A

Distal end of esophagus is closed, congenital, treatment is to cut section and reconnect the esophagus

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64
Q

Achalasia

A

Failure of sphincter muscles to open, results in cardio spasm and fluid build up and creates a mega esophagus

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65
Q

Barrett’s Esophagus

A

Sphincter is not tight and acid from stomach causes metaplasia of squamous epithelium due to acid injury, can cause cancer, acquired

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66
Q

Stomach Parts

A

Fundus, body, pyloric antrum

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67
Q

Cardia of Stomach

A

Location of heartburn

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68
Q

Stomach Function

A

Hold food as a reservoir and assist in some digestion

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69
Q

Food in Stomach

A

Receptive relaxation controlled by vagus nerve, next is retropulsion (mixing), caudad and distal antrum are contracting, caudad region sends food to duodenum

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70
Q

Stomach Digestion

A

Mechanical (3 layers of muscles to churn) and enzymatic (breaks down proteins)

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71
Q

3 Muscle Layers of Stomach

A

Longitudinal muscle layer, circular muscle layer, oblique muscle layer overlying the mucosa

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72
Q

Sphincters of the Stomach

A

Lower Esophageal Sphincters or Cardiac Sphincter and Pyloric Sphincter

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73
Q

Cells of Stomach

A

Top layer is the simple columnar epithelium

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74
Q

Histology of Stomach

A

Gastric pit and gland, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscles layers, myenteric plexus, serosa

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75
Q

Gastric Pit Cells

A

Parental, Chief and Enteroendrocrine (G)

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76
Q

Chief Cells

A

Produce pepsinogen

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77
Q

Pepsinogn

A

Protein splitting enzyme active by HCl in the stomach which turns it into pepsin to break down the food

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78
Q

Parietal Cells

A

Produce HCl and intrinsic factor

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79
Q

G Cells

A

Produce gastrin, to stimulate acid secretion and growth of parietal cells

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80
Q

Section of Gastric Juices

A

Nervous section by the vagus nerve activated by state smell and sight, gastric sectarian stimulated by food ingestion

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81
Q

Blood Supply of the Stomach

A

Left gastric artery - Celiac artery
Right gastric artery - common hepatic artery, short gastric artery, the left gastro
epiploic artery - splenic artery
Right gastroepiploic artery - gastro-duodenal artery common hepatic artery

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82
Q

Drainage of the Stomach

A

Left and right gastric veins, the splenic vein (the left gastroepiploic vein and short gastric veins) which all drain to portal vein

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83
Q

Lymphatics of the Stomach

A

Gastric and celiac nodes

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84
Q

Innervation stomach

A

Parasympathetic (vagus nerve, motor, secretomotor, sensory) and Sympathetic (Splanchnic Nerves, inhibit peristalsis and gastric secretion and cause pain or pyloric contraction)

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85
Q

Vomiting Increasing Stomach pH

A

Metabolic alkalosis may result in vomiting, preventing the gastric H+ from reaching small intestine and pancreas section is missing so blood is now alkaline

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86
Q

Hiatal Hernia

A

protrusion of part of the stomach into the mediastinum through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. Often painful and mixed with other chest pains including the cardiac ischemia

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87
Q

2 main types of Hiatal Hernia

A

Sliding and paraesophageal

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88
Q

Sliding Hiatal Hernia

A

when abdominal part of the esophagus and cardia and even part of the fundus slide up through the esophageal hiatus. *Regurgitation and heart b

89
Q

Paraesophageal Hiatal Hernia

A

Cardia doesn’t move but part of the fundus and

peritoneum passes through the esophageal hiatus. *Usually no regurgitation

90
Q

Gastric Ulcers Not Responding to Drugs

A

Clip part of the vagus nerve because it is in charge of secretion of HCl

91
Q

What is needed to have an Ulcer?

A

Acid

92
Q

Sympathetic Innervation of Stomach

A

Splanchnic nerves, celiac ganglion, which are to inhibit peristalsis and pyloric contraction and gastric secretion

93
Q

Operation Performed to Correct Gastroesophageal Reflux

A

Fundoplication, upper portion of the stomach (the fundus) is wrapped (plicated)
around the lower portion of the esophagus and anchored securely below the diaphragm

94
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of the gastric mucosa which is erosive or non-erosive, can be chronic or acute (due to infection or toxicity)

95
Q

Hypertriophic Gastritis

A

Giant rugal folds simulating cancer, mucosa is atrophic and associated protein loss, also called Menetrier’s Disease

96
Q

Gastric Ulcers

A

Due to defective mucosal barrier, on the lesser curvature, has a pain which is increased by eating, vagotomy is surgical procedure

97
Q

Vagotomy

A

Treating gastric ulcers not responding to drudger perforated ulcers, control gastric secretion, pylorus, reroute or remove so gastrin production is less

98
Q

Surgical treatment of Gastric Ulcers

A

Hemigastrectomy, Billroth I and II, vagotomy and antrectomy

99
Q

Postvagotomy Syndrome

A

Alkaline reflux gastritis, Afferent loop syndrome, Dumping syndromes

100
Q

Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

A

Progressive hypertrophy of circular muscles in pyloric
sphincter, causing a narrow pyloric lumen which may obstruct food passage, male infants
Treatment - Longitudinal pyloromyotomy, leaving the mucosa intact

101
Q

Small Intestine Function

A

Digestion and absorption, enzymatic breakdown

102
Q

Contractions in Small Intestine

A

Segmental (back and forth) and Peristaltic or Propulsive (in one direction)

103
Q

Small Intestine Parts

A

Duodenum, jejunum and ileum, duodenum is almost entirely retroperitoneal, Jejunum and ileum are mobile and are intraperitoneal

104
Q

Small Intestine Wall

A

Serosa, Musculares Externa, Submucosa, Mucosa

105
Q

Small Intestine Cells

A

Simple columnar epithelial tissue with mucous producing cells

106
Q

Villi

A

Fingerlike extensions of the epithelium and lamina propria that increase the mucosal surface

107
Q

Duodenum

A

L1/L3 to T12, C shaped and around the pancreas, 4 parts

108
Q

Functions of Duodenum

A

Regulation of gastric and gallbladder emptying in response to acidic chyme

109
Q

Ulcer Common Location

A

Duodenum

110
Q

Duodenum Ulcers

A

Frequent due to increased acid production in stomach

111
Q

Bruner’s Glands

A

Produce an alkaline solution in duodenum, to protect mucosa from acidic chyme and optimize pH for pancreas enzymes

112
Q

1st Part of Duodenum

A

Contains duodenal cap and common site for ulcers

113
Q

3rd Part of Duodenum

A

Crossed by the superior mesenteric artery and vein and anterior to IVC and abdominal aorta

114
Q

2nd Part of Duodenum

A

Has the major duodenal papilla, common opening for the common bile duct, and the main pancreatic duct, contains sphincter of Oddi

115
Q

4th Part of Duodenum

A

Has the duodenojejunal flexure at L1/L2

116
Q

Mobility of Duodenum

A

The beginning of the 1st part and part of the 4th part are covered by the peritoneum (have some mobility) the rest of duodenum is not mobile

117
Q

Hormones of the Duodenum (regulate gallbladder and stomach)

A

Secretin, cholecystokinin, enterogastrone

118
Q

Secretin

A

Inhibits gastric secretion

119
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

Interacts with liver and induces gallbladder contraction after interaction with fatty chyme

120
Q

Enterogastrone

A

Inhibits stomach peristalsis

121
Q

Peyer’s Patches

A

Important part of the immune system by monitoring intestinal bacteria populations and preventing the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines, especially in the ileum

122
Q

Treitz Ligament

A

Used in surgery to locate the duodenojejunal flexure, which can cause obstruction which will have bile stained vomiting

123
Q

Blood Supply to Duodenum

A

Branches of the celiac trunk via the gastroduodenal artery and superior pancreaticoduodenal artery, superior mesenteric artery via the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery

124
Q

Innervation of Duodenum

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic, submucosal plexus of Meissner and myenteric plexus of Auerbach, vagus nerve

125
Q

Duodenal Atresia

A

discontinuity of the lumen owing to failed recanalization, bile-containing vomitus and distended stomach, double bubble sign

126
Q

Kerchkring Folds

A

Project into lumen of the gut and increase surface area

127
Q

Jejunum

A

Begins at the duodenojejunal junction, absorption of the digested food, particularly folate

128
Q

Jejunum Characteristics

A

Left upper quadrant, more vascular, red color, thick wall, long vasa recta, less Arcades, less fat, window in the mesentery, no or very few payer’s patches, large and many circular folds

129
Q

Ileum

A

Ends at ileocecal junction, absorption of the digested food, particularly B12

130
Q

Ileum Characteristics

A

Right lower quadrant, less vascular, pale pink, thin wall, short vasa recta, more arcades, more fat, no window in the mesentery, many peyer’s patches, low and fewer circular folds.

131
Q

Blood Supply of Small Intestine

A

Various branches of the superior mesenteric artery, called jejunal and ill arteries

132
Q

Drainage of the Small Intestine

A

Carried by the superior mesenteric vein to portal vein and liver

133
Q

Innervation of Small Intestine

A

Sympathetic (splanchnic nerves) to inhibit peristalsis and contraction of ileocecal sphincter, parasympathetic (vagus nerve) to cause peristalsis and glandular secretion

134
Q

Meckel’s Diverticulum

A

Pouch formed in allium, congenital, vitelline duct that connects the yolk sac and primitive gut, duct disappears normally, symptoms of it remaining are similar to appendicitis , ulceration and GI bleeding, biopsy of pouch L5

135
Q

Large Intestine

A

Longitudinal muscles in 3 bands, has teniae which results in haustras

136
Q

Large Intestine Function

A

Water absorption

137
Q

Ileocecal Junction

A

Complication when herniated small intestine in this area

138
Q

Vermiform Appendix

A

Can be inflamed and irritate peritoneum, and build up fluid, sympathetic nerves, appendectomy uses McBurney’s point, and saves the iliohypogastric nerve. if not muscle weakness and direct inguinal hernia will result

139
Q

Blood Supply of Colon

A

Ileococlic artery, cecal artery, appeniduclar right colic and middle colic arteries

140
Q

Marginal Arteries

A

Important due to connection if blockage of mesenteric arteries

141
Q

Rectum

A

Alimentary tract, follows convexity of sacral flexure and is S shaped from lateral view

142
Q

Puborectalis Function

A

Muscle for continued fecal continence, part of levatotr and muscle, called rectal sling, contracts during peristaltic contraction

143
Q

Houston’s Valves

A

Three Transverse Rectal Folds

144
Q

Ampulla

A

Filleted terminal part of rectum, when filled urges to defecate, maintains integrity

145
Q

Anal Canal

A

Called Anorectal Junction, terminal part of large intestine

146
Q

Cell types of Anal Canal

A

Simple columnar until pectinate line and then stratified squamous

147
Q

Blood Supply of Anal Canal/Rectum

A

Superior rectal artery muddle rectal artery inferior rectal artery

148
Q

Veins of Anal Canal/Rectum

A

Superior rectal vein drains into inferior mesenteric vein and portal vein, middle and inferior rectal veins drain into internal iliac vein

149
Q

Portocaval Anastomoses

A

Body has a bypass or alternative pathways to gut for blood, but will have complications when used, such as rectal vertices

150
Q

Innervation of Rectum/Anal Canal

A

Sympathetic (subhypogastric plexus) and Parasympathetic for stretching, inferior rectal nerve responds to pain touch and temperature

151
Q

Prolapse of Tissue in Anal Canal (internal)

A

Painless bleeding

152
Q

Prolapse of Tissue in Anal Canal (external)

A

blood cots in veins, bleeding my inferior rectal branch of Duodendal nerve, more likely if pregnant, chronically constipated or crones disease

153
Q

Hirschsprung’s Disease

A

Congenital megacolon, deficiency of gallino cells in Moisteners submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus of Auerbach, associated with down syndrome and chagas tease, decal retention and abdominal dissection, functional obstruction, colon back up

154
Q

Pancreas

A

Retroperitoneal, head, neck, body, tail, endocrine and exocrine organ

155
Q

Pancreas Function

A

Pinkish and glandular accessory digestive gland, which is retroperitoneal and lies

156
Q

Endocrine Secretion of Pancreas

A

Secretion started by Secretin, increase bicarbonate secretion and cholecystokinin, both simulate bile secretion, and malaise to break down carbs and proteins, all activated in small intestine by enterokinase

157
Q

Exocrine Secretion of Pancreas

A

Cells in the islets of langerhans, in tail, with glycogen and insulin and somatostatin all which go into the blood

158
Q

Exocrine Secretion Path of Pancreas

A

Main pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct to form the Hepatopancreatic duct and then ampulla of Vater in the wall of the duodenum and open through major duodenal papilla to the 2nd part of the duodenum

159
Q

Blood Supply to Pancreas

A

Superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries and arteries from the splenic artery

160
Q

Veins of Pancreas

A

Corresponding veins and finally to the portal vein

161
Q

Innervation of Pancreas

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagus)

162
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Acute or chronic, stones from gall bladder in ampulla of valor, disruption and inflammation, back up of enzymes which start to a activate in pancreas and self digit, vomiting, diarrhea, pain in epigastric region, back and left hypochondriac region, yellow skin from backed up billy reuben, pain can even be in shoulder

163
Q

Liver Function

A

Bile, metabolic function such as breakdown of alcohol, hormones, toxins

164
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum of Liver

A

Rough for protein synthesis and Smooth for detoxification

165
Q

Round Ligament of Liver

A

Teres Ligament, remnant of umbilical vein which carried blood to fetus, the inferior borer of liver

166
Q

Ligamentum Venosum

A

Ductus venosus, remnant for bypassing portal vein

167
Q

Cooper Cells

A

Hepatocytes to filter blood in hepatic lobules

168
Q

Disse’s Space

A

Ito cells are here as fat storage cells

169
Q

Kupffer

A

Microphages for breakdown or swallowing

170
Q

Cirrhosis of Liver

A

Hepaticytes overworked, constantly braking down making H2S2 product and this exposure os killing the liver cells so chronic inflammation, and now fibrosis which means compromised blood flow

171
Q

Any vein directly leading to Portal Vein during Cirrhosis of Liver

A

affected and enlarged

172
Q

Gall Bladder

A

Stores Bile

173
Q

Gall Bladder Simulation

A

Cack stimulates contraction and bile byproducts; billy reuben and bile salts

174
Q

Gall Stones

A

Cholelithiasis, happen when bile salts cholesterol fall out of solution, dislodge in the common hepatic duct, cause jaundice, can effect liver and pancreas too

175
Q

Predisposed to Gall Stones

A

Females, the fertile forty to fifty and fatty and fair

176
Q

Treatment for Gall Bladder

A

Nerves to be broken down, change in diet or meds, or remove gall bladder

177
Q

Gallbladder Blood Supply

A

Cystic artery coming from the right hepatic artery

178
Q

Spleen

A

Recycling environment, in left hypochondriac region, organ of immune system, intraperitoneal

179
Q

Spleen Function

A

Site of RBC formation while in womb and then red bone marrow production and maturation of lymphocytes

180
Q

Spleen Damage

A

During trauma, too much blood from splenic artery

181
Q

Splenic Rupture

A

Causes sever bleeding, splenomegaly (enlarged spleen) in portal hypertension

182
Q

Blood Supply of Spleen

A

Splenic artery from celiac trunk

183
Q

Veins of Spleen

A

Splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein join to become portal vein

184
Q

Innervation of Spleen

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagus nerve)

185
Q

Kidney

A

Bean shape, retroperitoneal organs, T12-L3, right is lower than left

186
Q

Function of Kidneys

A

Metabolic waste breakdown using water

187
Q

Nephron Types

A

Cortical and Juxta Medullary

188
Q

To Filter Must Have

A

Capillary bed and renal corpuscle

189
Q

Glomerulus

A

Blod filtered into capsule with selective membrane, high pressure, forces waste out of section

190
Q

Urinanalysis

A

Blood cells or proteins in urine, filtration is broken

191
Q

What process of kidney uses the most energy?

A

Reabsorption

192
Q

Macula Densa Cells

A

PH and sodium chloride changes noticed by these cells, radiation receiption

193
Q

Juxtaglomerular

A

Mechanical, respond to pressure, feel the pressure of lack there of

194
Q

When is Renin released?

A

Little pressure in the kidney

195
Q

Renin

A

Interacts in blood and converts angiotensinogen made in liver, which changes to angiotensinogen 1 and goes to lungs were it becomes angiotensinogen 2 and os then released in blood to increase pressure

196
Q

Ase Inhibitor

A

To avoid hypertension due to RAAS, if the pressure change is only in kidney then problem

197
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Secreted by kidneys, for RBC maturation, when more oxygen needs to be carried around body

198
Q

Kalikrein

A

Produced by kidneys, cause vascular expansion via other molecules

199
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Kidneys produce large quantities

200
Q

Ureter

A

Transitional epithelium, transport urine to bladder

201
Q

Ureter Constrictions Locations

A

Renal pelvis, iliac vessels, urinary bladder

202
Q

Ureters cross Males

A

Vas deferenses in pelvic cavity

203
Q

Ureters cross Females

A

Uterine artery and vein on each side

204
Q

Kidney Stones

A

Obstruct ureter, pain and bleeding from mucosal injury

205
Q

Blood Supply of Kidney

A

Renal arteries from descending abdominal aorta

206
Q

Vein of Kidney

A

Renal vein to IVC, right side longer than left

207
Q

Innervation of Kidney

A

Little parasympathetic and sympathetic, lumbar and splenic

208
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

A

Consists of the Macula densa, granulated juxtaglomerular cells of the pole cushion and a group of extraglomerular mesangial cells which continue to the intraglomerular mesangium, produces Renin

209
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Arterioles swelling, bacterial infections

210
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of renal pelvis

211
Q

Polycystic Disease

A

Congenital, cysts cause inflammation and constriction

212
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Top of kidney, superior (renal) middle (aorta) and inferior (renal) suprarenal artery

213
Q

Adrenal Glands Cortex

A

3 areas, regulate electrolyte and water balance, produce steroid hormones from cholesterol as a common precursor

214
Q

Anterior Pituitary Produces

A

ACTH regulates adrenal gland

215
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Adrenaline, fight or flight

216
Q

Veins of Adrenal Glands

A

Renal viens to IVC

217
Q

Innervation of Adrenal Glands

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic, medulla

218
Q

Diaphragm and posterior abdominal wall contents

A

Psoas major and minor muscles, the quadratum lumborum muscle, the lumbar plexus and its related nerves, for support

219
Q

Vagotomy Consequences

A

Alkaline reflux, gastritis, denaturing proteins, dumping syndrome if innervation is severed

Anatomy (13 decks)

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