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H.O.E study guides > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Divided into upper and lower part. Upper contains the stomach, lower is the pelvic cavity

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2
Q

Abduction

A

The action or an instance of forcibly taking a person or persons away against their will.

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3
Q

Adduction

A

Moving it toward the cent if the body

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4
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Fatty tissue

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5
Q

Afferent Nerves

A

sensory nerves, sends message to the brain

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6
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Little movement

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7
Q

Amount of blood in a human

A

4-6 quarts

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8
Q

Anatomic position

A

a standard position of the body: standing erect, facing directly forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, and arms hanging down at the sides with palms facing forward

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9
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structure of an organism

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10
Q

Anterior

A

Before or in front

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11
Q

Aorta artery

A

Carries blood away from heart, largest artery

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12
Q

Aortic valve

A

Flap or cusp located between the left ventricle of the heart and the aorta

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13
Q

Apnea

A

Absence of respiration

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14
Q

Arachnoid membrane

A

middle layer of the spinal cord

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15
Q

Arteries

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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16
Q

Arterioles

A

Vessels that connect arteries to capillaries, smallest branch of arteries

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17
Q

Axon

A

The usually long process of a nerve fiber that generally conducts impulses away from the body of the nerve cell

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18
Q

Basophils

A

any structure, cell, or histologic element staining readily with basic dyes

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19
Q

Biceps brachii

A

the long fusiform muscle of the upper arm on the anterior surface of the humerus, arising in two heads from the scapula. It flexes the arm and the forearm and supinates the hand.

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20
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

The teeth that pulverize or grind food and are located between cuspids and molars

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21
Q

Biology

A

The study of life

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22
Q

Bradycardia

A

Slow heart rate, usually below 60 heart beats per minute

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23
Q

Buccal cavity

A

Mouth, for the teeth and tongue

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24
Q

Capillaries

A

Connect arterioles with venules the smallest veins

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25
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Forms the walls of the heart and contracts to circulate blood

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26
Q

Cardiac sphincter

A

the valve between the distal end of the esophagus and the stomach; the physiological sphincter at the esophagogastric junction.

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27
Q

Carotid artery

A

either of two major arteries of the neck and head; branches from the aorta.

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28
Q

Cataract

A

partial or total opacity of the crystalline lens of the eye

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29
Q

Cellular respirations

A

the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules

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30
Q

Centrosomes

A

a small region near the nucleus in the cell cytoplasm, containing the centrioles.

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31
Q

Cerebellum

A

The part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates. Its function is to coordinate and regulate muscular activity.

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32
Q

Cerebrum

A

the anterior and largest part of the brain, consisting of two halves or hemispheres and serving to control voluntary movements and coordinate mental actions.

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33
Q

Cervix of uterus

A

The cervix (or neck of the uterus) is the lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina.

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34
Q

Chromatin

A

The material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed.

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35
Q

Cilla

A

A short, microscopic, hairlike vibrating structure. Cilia occur in large numbers on the surface of certain cells, example: eyelashes

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36
Q

Ciliary body

A

The part of the eye that connects the iris to the choroid.

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37
Q

Circulatory system

A

The bodily system consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood that circulates blood throughout the body, delivers nutrients and other essential materials to cells, and removes waste products. Also called cardiovascular system.

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38
Q

Circumduction

A

a circular movement of a limb or eye.

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39
Q

Cirrhosis

A

A chronic degenerative disease in which normal liver cells are damaged and are then replaced by scar tissue.

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40
Q

Clotting proteins

A

The change, especially of blood, from liquid to solid; clotting.

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41
Q

Cochlea

A

A spiral-shaped cavity of the inner ear that resembles a snail shell and contains nerve endings essential for hearing.

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42
Q

Color of blood

A

Blood red can be a bright red or a dark red. The bright red color of crimson is often considered the color of fresh blood, thus blood red. Blood red may also describe a darker, more maroon shade of red.

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43
Q

Conjunctiva

A

The mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids

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44
Q

Connective tissues

A

Tissue that connects, supports, binds, or encloses the structures of the body.

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45
Q

Contractility

A

the capability or quality of shrinking or contracting, especially by muscle fibers and even some other forms of living matter.

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46
Q

Contracture

A

A condition of shortening and hardening of muscles, tendons, or other tissue, often leading to deformity and rigidity of joints.

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47
Q

Cornea

A

The transparent layer forming the front of the eye.

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48
Q

Coronal plane

A

An imaginary plane dividing the body into dorsal and ventral parts.

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49
Q

Coronary artery

A

An artery supplying blood to the heart.

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50
Q

Deltoid

A

a large triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint and serving to abduct and flex and extend and rotate the arm.

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51
Q

Cranial cavity

A

The space or hollow within the skull. Also called intracranial cavity

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52
Q

Dendrite

A

A short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body.

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53
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft or central part of a long bone.

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54
Q

Diarthrosis

A

synovial joint: a joint so articulated as to move freely.

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55
Q

Diastolic

A

of or relating to a diastole or happening during a diastole.

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56
Q

Diencephalon

A

The posterior part of the prosencephalon, composed of the epithalamus, the dorsal thalamus, the subthalamus, and the hypothalamus. Also called betweenbrain, interbrain.

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57
Q

Digestive system

A

the system that makes food absorbable into the body.

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58
Q

Distal

A

Situated away from the center of the body or from the point of attachment.

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59
Q

Dorsal

A

of, pertaining to, or situated at the back, or dorsum.

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60
Q

Dorsal cavity

A

The body cavity situated near the back of the human body, and includes the cranial cavity and vertebral cavity.

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61
Q

Dura mater

A

the outermost (and toughest) of the 3 meninges

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62
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficult or labored breathing.

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63
Q

Efferent nerves

A

(efferent nerve) motor nerve: a nerve that conveys impulses toward or to muscles or glands.

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64
Q

Ejaculatory ducts

A

A canal in the male formed by union of the vas deferens and the duct from the seminal vesicle. The ejaculatory duct passes through the prostate. Semen passes through them at the time of ejaculation.

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65
Q

Elasticity

A

the tendency of a body to return to its original shape after it has been stretched or compressed

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66
Q

Embolus

A

a mass of clotted blood or other material brought by the blood from one vessel and forced into a smaller one, obstructing the circulation

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67
Q

Endocrine system

A

a mass of clotted blood or other material brought by the blood from one vessel and forced into a smaller one, obstructing the circulation

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68
Q

Endocrine reticulum

A

A membrane network within the cytoplasm of cells involved in the synthesis, modification, and transport of cellular materials.

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69
Q

Eosinophils

A

Any of a group of hormones secreted within the brain and nervous system and having a number of physiological functions.

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70
Q

Endosteum

A

vascular membrane that lines the inner surface of long bones.

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71
Q

Epididymis

A

A highly convoluted duct behind the testis, along which sperm passes to the vas deferens.

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72
Q

Epilepsy

A

a disorder of the nervous system, characterized either by mild, episodic loss of attention or sleepiness (petit mal) or by severe convulsions with loss of consciousness (grand mal).

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73
Q

Epiphysis

A

The end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft.

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74
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

epithelium: membranous tissue covering internal organs and other internal surfaces of the body.

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75
Q

Erythrocytes

A

A cell that contains hemoglobin and can carry oxygen to the body. Also called a red blood cell (RBC)

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76
Q

Excitability

A

excessive sensitivity of an organ or body parts

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77
Q

Extension

A

The act of extending or the condition of being extended

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78
Q

External respiration

A
  1. the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the body cells, including ventilation (inhalation and exhalation); diffusion of oxygen from alveoli to blood and of carbon dioxide from blood to alveoli; and transport of oxygen to and carbon dioxide from body cells.
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79
Q

Factors influencing BP:

A

Exercise, nutrition, alcohol, stress, smoking

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80
Q

False ribs

A

One of the last five pairs of ribs. A rib is said to be false if it does not attach to the sternum (the breastbone). The upper three false ribs connect to the costal cartilages of the ribs just above them

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81
Q

Fascia

A

a sheet or band of fibrous tissue such as lies deep to the skin or invests muscles and various body organs

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82
Q

Femoral artery

A

the chief artery of the thigh; a continuation of the external iliac artery.

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83
Q

Flexion

A

The action of bending or the condition of being bent

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84
Q

Floating ribs

A

Any of the lower ribs that are not attached directly to the breastbone.

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85
Q

Fontanels

A

A space between the bones of the skull in an infant or fetus, where ossification is not complete and the sutures not fully formed.

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86
Q

Frontal plane

A

any of the vertical planes passing through the body from the head to the feet, perpendicular to the sagittal planes; the plane parallel to the long axis of the body and at right angles to the median sagittal plane, dividing the body into front and back portions.

87
Q

Function of bile:

A

a bitter, alkaline, yellow or greenish liquid, secreted by the liver, that aids in absorption and digestion, especially of fats.

88
Q

Function of Throbmocytes

A

A thrombocyte is a piece of a larger cell called a megakaryocyte. Thromboyctes, also called platelets, are found in the blood.

89
Q

Fundus of uterus

A

the bottom or base of anything; the bottom or base of an organ, or the part of a hollow organ farthest from its mouth

90
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

The chief muscle of the calf of the leg, which flexes the knee and foot.

91
Q

Gluteus maximus

A

the outermost of the three gluteal muscles

92
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

A complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport.

93
Q

Hard palate

A

Bony front part of the roof of the mouth

94
Q

Hemiplegia

A

Paralysis of one side of the body.

95
Q

Hemoglobin

A

A red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates.

96
Q

Inferior

A

lower in place or position; closer to the bottom or base

97
Q

Insertion

A

The action of inserting something.

98
Q

Integumentary system

A

the skin and its appendages.

99
Q

Internal respiration

A

The metabolic process by which living cells absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide.

100
Q

Involuntary muscles

A

Muscle not under the control of the will; usually consists of smooth.

101
Q

Iris

A

A flat, colored, ring-shaped membrane behind the cornea of the eye, with an adjustable circular opening (pupil) in the center.

102
Q

Joints

A

A point at which parts of an artificial structure are joined.

103
Q

Lateral

A

of or pertaining to the side; situated at, proceeding from, or directed to a side

104
Q

Latissmus Doris

A

a broad flat muscle on either side of the back.

105
Q

Left atrium

A

the left upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the pulmonary veins.

106
Q

Left ventricle

A

the chamber on the left side of the heart that receives arterial blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta.

107
Q

Lens

A

a piece of glass or other transparent material, used to converge or diverge transmitted light and form optical images

108
Q

Leukocyte

A

leukocyte /leu·ko·cyte/ (loo´ko-sīt) white cell, white blood cell; a colorless blood corpuscle capable of ameboid movement, whose chief function is to protect the body against microorganisms causing disease

109
Q

Ligaments

A

A short band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint.

110
Q

Lining of uterus

A

The inner layer of the uterus (womb); the cells that line the womb; anatomically termed the endometrium. This tissue is normally shed monthly in response to the hormonal changes of the menstrual period.

111
Q

Lymphatic system

A

The network of vessels through which lymph drains from the tissues into the blood.

112
Q

Lymphocytes

A

A form of small leukocyte (white blood cell) with a single round nucleus, occurring esp. in the lymphatic system.

113
Q

Lysosomes

A

An organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane.

114
Q

Medial

A

Situated near the median plane of the body or the midline of an organ.

115
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

The continuation of the spinal cord within the skull, containing control centers for the heart and lungs.

116
Q

Medullary cavity

A

The marrow cavity in the shaft of a long bone.

117
Q

Meninges

A

Inflammation of the meninges caused by viral or bacterial infection.

118
Q

Midbrain

A

A small central part of the brainstem.

119
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

a vertical plane through the midline of the body; divides the body into right and left halves. Also called the median plane.

120
Q

Mitochondria

A

An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.

121
Q

Mitral valves

A

The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart.

122
Q

Muscle tissues

A

an aggregation of similarly specialized cells which together perform certain special functions.

123
Q

Muscle tones

A

The tension in resting muscles and the amount of resistance that is felt when a muscle is moved.

124
Q

Myelin

A

A mixture of proteins and phospholipids forming a whitish insulating sheath around many nerve fibers, increasing the speed at which the body reacts

125
Q

Neurilemma

A

The thin sheath around a nerve axon (including myelin where this is present).

126
Q

Neuron

A

A specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell.

127
Q

Neutrophils

A

white blood cells with cytoplasmic granules that consume harmful bacteria, fungi, and other foreign materials.

128
Q

Nucleolus

A

A small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase.

129
Q

Olfactory receptors

A

bipolar nerve cells located in the nasal epithelium. Axons of the cells are receptors of the olfactory nerve.

130
Q

Orbital cavity

A

eye socket: the bony cavity in the skull containing the eyeball.

131
Q

Order of Large Intestine

A

The large intestine consists of the cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal. starts in right iliac region of the pelvis, just at or below the right waist, where it is joined to the bottom end of the small intestine. From here it continues up the abdomen, then across the width of the abdominal cavity, and then it turns down, continuing to its endpoint at the anus.

132
Q

Organ of Corti

A

A structure in the cochlea of the inner ear that produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations.

133
Q

Organelles

A

Any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.

134
Q

Origin

A

The point at which something comes into existence or from which it derives or is derived

135
Q

Ovaries

A

A female reproductive organ in which ova or eggs are produced, present in humans and other vertebrates as a pair.

136
Q

Pancreas

A

a large elongated glandular organ, situated behind the stomach, that secretes insulin and pancreatic juice

137
Q

Paraplegic

A

a person who has paraplegia (is paralyzed from the waist down).

138
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Parasympathetic nervous system: The part of the involuntary nervous system that serves to slow the heart rate, increase intestinal and glandular activity, and relax the sphincter muscles.

139
Q

Pathophysiology

A

The disordered physiological processes associated with disease or injury.

140
Q

Pectoralis major

A

a skeletal muscle that adducts and rotates the arm

141
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

the space bounded by the bones of the pelvis and containing the pelvic viscera.

142
Q

Perineum

A

The area between the anus and the scrotum or vulva.

143
Q

Peripheral pulse site

A

Right and left radial arteries. Right and left dorsalis pedis arteries. Right and left posterior tibial arteries. Right and left anterior tibial arteries.

144
Q

Pharyngeal tonsils

A

a small, rounded mass of tissue, especially of lymphoid tissue; generally used alone to designate the palatine tonsil.

145
Q

Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of the walls of a vein.

146
Q

Physiology

A

The branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts. The way in which a living organism or bodily part functions.

147
Q

Pia Mater

A

The delicate innermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord.

148
Q

Pinocytic vesicle

A

mechanism by which cells ingest extracellular fluid and its contents

149
Q

Platelets

A

A small colorless disk-shaped cell fragment without a nucleus, found in large numbers in blood and involved in clotting.

150
Q

Pleura

A

Each of a pair of serous membranes lining the thorax and enveloping the lungs in humans and other mammals/ A lateral part in an animal body or structure.

151
Q

Pons

A

The part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus.

152
Q

Posterior

A

Further back in position; of or nearer the rear or hind end.

153
Q

Proximal

A

Situated nearer to the center of the body or the point of attachment.

154
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

a semilunar valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery; prevents blood from flowing from the artery back into the heart.
wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn

155
Q

Pupil

A

the eye, varying in size to regulate the amount of light reaching the retina.

156
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

the sphincter muscle of the pylorus that separates the stomach from the duodenum.

157
Q

Pyrexia

A

Raised body temperature; fever.

158
Q

Quadriceps femoris

A

the large extensor muscle of the anterior thigh, composed of the rectus femoris, the vastus lateralis, the vastus medialis, and the vastus intermedius.

159
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Paralysis of all four limbs; tetraplegia.

160
Q

Rectus abdominus

A

The rectus abdominis muscle is a paired muscle running vertically on each side of the anterior wall of the human abdomen

161
Q

Red marrow

A

bone marrow of children and some adult bones that is required for the formation of red blood cells.

162
Q

Respiratory system

A

the system for taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide; in terrestrial animals this is accomplished by breathing.

163
Q

Retina

A

the light-sensitive membrane forming the inner lining of the posterior wall of the eyeball, composed largely of a specialized terminal expansion of the optic nerve. Images focused here by the lens of the eye are transmitted to the brain as nerve impulses

164
Q

Right atrium

A

a cavity or chamber in the body, esp the upper chamber of each half of the heart

165
Q

Right ventricle

A

the chamber on the right side of the heart that receives venous blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary trunk.

166
Q

Risk factors of hypertension:

A

Age, race, family history, over weight or obesity, activity level, tobacco use, too much salt, alcohol, and stress

167
Q

Rotation

A

The action of rotating around an axis or center

168
Q

Rugae

A

A fold, crease, or wrinkle, as in the lining of the stomach.

169
Q

Salivary Amylase

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into simpler compounds.

170
Q

Salivary glands

A

A gland that secretes saliva, especially any of three pairs of large glands, the parotid, submaxillary.

171
Q

Sartorius

A

A long, narrow muscle running obliquely across the front of each thigh from the hipbone to the inside of the leg below the knee.

172
Q

Sclera

A

The white outer layer of the eyeball, continuous with the cornea at the front.

173
Q

Scrotum

A

A pouch of skin containing the testicles.

174
Q

Semicircular canal

A

Any of three tubular and looped structures of the inner ear, together functioning in maintenance of the sense of balance in the body.

175
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

either of two small saclike glands, located on each side of the bladder in males, that add nutrient fluid to semen during ejaculation.

176
Q

Sinuses

A

A cavity within a bone or other tissue

177
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

A muscle that is connected to the skeleton to form part of the mechanical system that moves the limbs and other parts of the body.

178
Q

Skeletal system

A

the hard structure (bones and cartilages) that provides a frame for the body of an animal.

179
Q

Smooth muscles

A

a muscle that contracts without conscious control and found in walls of internal organs such as stomach and intestine and bladder and blood vessels (excluding the heart)

180
Q

Somatic system

A

A system dealing with actions you control (part of the PNS).

181
Q

Spinal cavity

A

The spinal canal (or vertebral canal or spinal cavity) is the space in vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes. It is a process of the dorsal human body

182
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

Either of two muscles of the neck that serve to flex and rotate the head.

183
Q

Structure of Fallopian tubes:

A

either of a pair of long narrow ducts located in the human female abdominal cavity that transport the male sperm cells to the egg, provide a suitable environment for fertilization, and transport the egg from the ovary, where it is produced, to the central channel (lumen) of the uterus.

184
Q

Superior

A

Higher in rank, status

185
Q

Sympathetic system

A

A part of the nervous system that serves to accelerate the heart rate, constrict blood vessels, and raise blood pressure.

186
Q

Synarthrosis

A

An immovably fixed joint between bones connected by fibrous tissue (for example, the sutures of the skull)

187
Q

Systolic

A

of or relating to a systole or happening during a systole

188
Q

Tachycardia

A

An abnormally rapid heart rate.

189
Q

Tendon

A

A flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone.

190
Q

Testis

A

An organ that produces spermatozoa (male reproductive cells).

191
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

the cavity in the vertebrate body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and containing the lungs and heart.

192
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

Each of the twelve bones of the backbone to which the ribs are attached.

193
Q

Thrombocytes

A

tiny bits of protoplasm found in vertebrate blood; essential for blood clotting.

194
Q

Thrombophlebitis

A

Inflammation of the wall of a vein with associated thrombosis, often occurring in the legs during pregnancy.

195
Q

Tibialis anterior

A

tibialis anticus: a muscle running from the tibia to the first metatarsal and cuneiform bones.

196
Q

Transverse plane

A

any one of the planes cutting across the body perpendicular to the sagittal and the frontal planes (at right angles to the long axis of the body), dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

197
Q

Trapezius

A

Either of a pair of large triangular muscles extending over the back of the neck and shoulders and moving the head and shoulder blade.

198
Q

Tricep brachii

A

the skeletal muscle having three origins that extends the forearm when it contracts.

199
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

One of the four heart valves, the first one that blood encounters as it enters the heart. The tricuspid valve stands between the right atrium and the right ventricle, and it allows blood to flow only from the atrium into the ventricle.

200
Q

True ribs

A

A rib that is attached directly to the breastbone.

201
Q

Urinary system

A

the system that includes all organs involved in reproduction and in the formation and voidance of urine.

202
Q

Varicose veins

A

Varicose veins are veins that have become enlarged and tortuous.

202
Q

Vas deferens

A

The duct that conveys sperm from the testicle to the urethra.

203
Q

Veins

A

Any of the tubes forming part of the blood circulation system of the body, carrying mainly oxygen-depleted blood toward the heart.

204
Q

Ventral

A

Of, on, or relating to the underside of an animal or plant; abdominal.

205
Q

Ventral cavity

A

A cavity that encases the thoracic cavity, the diaphragm, and the abdominopelvic cavity..

206
Q

Ventricles

A

A hollow part or cavity in an organ, in particular/Each of the two main chambers of the heart, left and right.

207
Q

Venules

A

A very small vein, esp. one collecting blood from the capillaries.

208
Q

Vestibules

A

A cavity, chamber, or channel that leads to or is an entrance to another cavity, especially that of the ear.

209
Q

Villi

A

A fingerlike projection of the lining of the small intestine.

210
Q

Voluntary muscles

A

striated muscle that can be controlled voluntarily.

211
Q

Ways to take temperature:

A 
rectal method (by the rectum)
oral method (by the mouth)
axillary method (under the armpit)
temporal artery method (forehead)
tympanic method (in the ear)
212
Q

Yellow marrow

A

bone marrow that is yellow with fat; found at the ends of long bones in adults.

213
Q

Orthostatic hypertension

A

Sit patient up in bed and blood pressure drops

H.O.E study guides (12 decks)

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