Exam 4 Flashcards
Abdominal cavity
Divided into upper and lower part. Upper contains the stomach, lower is the pelvic cavity
Abduction
The action or an instance of forcibly taking a person or persons away against their will.
Adduction
Moving it toward the cent if the body
Adipose tissue
Fatty tissue
Afferent Nerves
sensory nerves, sends message to the brain
Amphiarthrosis
Little movement
Amount of blood in a human
4-6 quarts
Anatomic position
a standard position of the body: standing erect, facing directly forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, and arms hanging down at the sides with palms facing forward
Anatomy
The study of the structure of an organism
Anterior
Before or in front
Aorta artery
Carries blood away from heart, largest artery
Aortic valve
Flap or cusp located between the left ventricle of the heart and the aorta
Apnea
Absence of respiration
Arachnoid membrane
middle layer of the spinal cord
Arteries
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Arterioles
Vessels that connect arteries to capillaries, smallest branch of arteries
Axon
The usually long process of a nerve fiber that generally conducts impulses away from the body of the nerve cell
Basophils
any structure, cell, or histologic element staining readily with basic dyes
Biceps brachii
the long fusiform muscle of the upper arm on the anterior surface of the humerus, arising in two heads from the scapula. It flexes the arm and the forearm and supinates the hand.
Bicuspid valve
The teeth that pulverize or grind food and are located between cuspids and molars
Biology
The study of life
Bradycardia
Slow heart rate, usually below 60 heart beats per minute
Buccal cavity
Mouth, for the teeth and tongue
Capillaries
Connect arterioles with venules the smallest veins
Cardiac muscle
Forms the walls of the heart and contracts to circulate blood
Cardiac sphincter
the valve between the distal end of the esophagus and the stomach; the physiological sphincter at the esophagogastric junction.
Carotid artery
either of two major arteries of the neck and head; branches from the aorta.
Cataract
partial or total opacity of the crystalline lens of the eye
Cellular respirations
the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules
Centrosomes
a small region near the nucleus in the cell cytoplasm, containing the centrioles.
Cerebellum
The part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates. Its function is to coordinate and regulate muscular activity.
Cerebrum
the anterior and largest part of the brain, consisting of two halves or hemispheres and serving to control voluntary movements and coordinate mental actions.
Cervix of uterus
The cervix (or neck of the uterus) is the lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina.
Chromatin
The material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed.
Cilla
A short, microscopic, hairlike vibrating structure. Cilia occur in large numbers on the surface of certain cells, example: eyelashes
Ciliary body
The part of the eye that connects the iris to the choroid.
Circulatory system
The bodily system consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood that circulates blood throughout the body, delivers nutrients and other essential materials to cells, and removes waste products. Also called cardiovascular system.
Circumduction
a circular movement of a limb or eye.
Cirrhosis
A chronic degenerative disease in which normal liver cells are damaged and are then replaced by scar tissue.
Clotting proteins
The change, especially of blood, from liquid to solid; clotting.
Cochlea
A spiral-shaped cavity of the inner ear that resembles a snail shell and contains nerve endings essential for hearing.
Color of blood
Blood red can be a bright red or a dark red. The bright red color of crimson is often considered the color of fresh blood, thus blood red. Blood red may also describe a darker, more maroon shade of red.
Conjunctiva
The mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids
Connective tissues
Tissue that connects, supports, binds, or encloses the structures of the body.
Contractility
the capability or quality of shrinking or contracting, especially by muscle fibers and even some other forms of living matter.
Contracture
A condition of shortening and hardening of muscles, tendons, or other tissue, often leading to deformity and rigidity of joints.
Cornea
The transparent layer forming the front of the eye.
Coronal plane
An imaginary plane dividing the body into dorsal and ventral parts.
Coronary artery
An artery supplying blood to the heart.
Deltoid
a large triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint and serving to abduct and flex and extend and rotate the arm.
Cranial cavity
The space or hollow within the skull. Also called intracranial cavity
Dendrite
A short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body.
Diaphysis
The shaft or central part of a long bone.
Diarthrosis
synovial joint: a joint so articulated as to move freely.
Diastolic
of or relating to a diastole or happening during a diastole.
Diencephalon
The posterior part of the prosencephalon, composed of the epithalamus, the dorsal thalamus, the subthalamus, and the hypothalamus. Also called betweenbrain, interbrain.
Digestive system
the system that makes food absorbable into the body.
Distal
Situated away from the center of the body or from the point of attachment.
Dorsal
of, pertaining to, or situated at the back, or dorsum.
Dorsal cavity
The body cavity situated near the back of the human body, and includes the cranial cavity and vertebral cavity.
Dura mater
the outermost (and toughest) of the 3 meninges
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.
Efferent nerves
(efferent nerve) motor nerve: a nerve that conveys impulses toward or to muscles or glands.
Ejaculatory ducts
A canal in the male formed by union of the vas deferens and the duct from the seminal vesicle. The ejaculatory duct passes through the prostate. Semen passes through them at the time of ejaculation.
Elasticity
the tendency of a body to return to its original shape after it has been stretched or compressed
Embolus
a mass of clotted blood or other material brought by the blood from one vessel and forced into a smaller one, obstructing the circulation
Endocrine system
a mass of clotted blood or other material brought by the blood from one vessel and forced into a smaller one, obstructing the circulation
Endocrine reticulum
A membrane network within the cytoplasm of cells involved in the synthesis, modification, and transport of cellular materials.
Eosinophils
Any of a group of hormones secreted within the brain and nervous system and having a number of physiological functions.
Endosteum
vascular membrane that lines the inner surface of long bones.
Epididymis
A highly convoluted duct behind the testis, along which sperm passes to the vas deferens.
Epilepsy
a disorder of the nervous system, characterized either by mild, episodic loss of attention or sleepiness (petit mal) or by severe convulsions with loss of consciousness (grand mal).
Epiphysis
The end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft.
Epithelial tissue
epithelium: membranous tissue covering internal organs and other internal surfaces of the body.
Erythrocytes
A cell that contains hemoglobin and can carry oxygen to the body. Also called a red blood cell (RBC)
Excitability
excessive sensitivity of an organ or body parts
Extension
The act of extending or the condition of being extended
External respiration
- the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the body cells, including ventilation (inhalation and exhalation); diffusion of oxygen from alveoli to blood and of carbon dioxide from blood to alveoli; and transport of oxygen to and carbon dioxide from body cells.
Factors influencing BP:
Exercise, nutrition, alcohol, stress, smoking
False ribs
One of the last five pairs of ribs. A rib is said to be false if it does not attach to the sternum (the breastbone). The upper three false ribs connect to the costal cartilages of the ribs just above them
Fascia
a sheet or band of fibrous tissue such as lies deep to the skin or invests muscles and various body organs
Femoral artery
the chief artery of the thigh; a continuation of the external iliac artery.
Flexion
The action of bending or the condition of being bent
Floating ribs
Any of the lower ribs that are not attached directly to the breastbone.
Fontanels
A space between the bones of the skull in an infant or fetus, where ossification is not complete and the sutures not fully formed.
Frontal plane
any of the vertical planes passing through the body from the head to the feet, perpendicular to the sagittal planes; the plane parallel to the long axis of the body and at right angles to the median sagittal plane, dividing the body into front and back portions.
Function of bile:
a bitter, alkaline, yellow or greenish liquid, secreted by the liver, that aids in absorption and digestion, especially of fats.
Function of Throbmocytes
A thrombocyte is a piece of a larger cell called a megakaryocyte. Thromboyctes, also called platelets, are found in the blood.
Fundus of uterus
the bottom or base of anything; the bottom or base of an organ, or the part of a hollow organ farthest from its mouth
Gastrocnemius
The chief muscle of the calf of the leg, which flexes the knee and foot.
Gluteus maximus
the outermost of the three gluteal muscles
Golgi apparatus
A complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport.
Hard palate
Bony front part of the roof of the mouth
Hemiplegia
Paralysis of one side of the body.
Hemoglobin
A red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates.
Inferior
lower in place or position; closer to the bottom or base
Insertion
The action of inserting something.
Integumentary system
the skin and its appendages.
Internal respiration
The metabolic process by which living cells absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
Involuntary muscles
Muscle not under the control of the will; usually consists of smooth.
Iris
A flat, colored, ring-shaped membrane behind the cornea of the eye, with an adjustable circular opening (pupil) in the center.
Joints
A point at which parts of an artificial structure are joined.
Lateral
of or pertaining to the side; situated at, proceeding from, or directed to a side
Latissmus Doris
a broad flat muscle on either side of the back.
Left atrium
the left upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the pulmonary veins.
Left ventricle
the chamber on the left side of the heart that receives arterial blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta.
Lens
a piece of glass or other transparent material, used to converge or diverge transmitted light and form optical images
Leukocyte
leukocyte /leu·ko·cyte/ (loo´ko-sīt) white cell, white blood cell; a colorless blood corpuscle capable of ameboid movement, whose chief function is to protect the body against microorganisms causing disease
Ligaments
A short band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint.
Lining of uterus
The inner layer of the uterus (womb); the cells that line the womb; anatomically termed the endometrium. This tissue is normally shed monthly in response to the hormonal changes of the menstrual period.
Lymphatic system
The network of vessels through which lymph drains from the tissues into the blood.
Lymphocytes
A form of small leukocyte (white blood cell) with a single round nucleus, occurring esp. in the lymphatic system.
Lysosomes
An organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane.
Medial
Situated near the median plane of the body or the midline of an organ.
Medulla Oblongata
The continuation of the spinal cord within the skull, containing control centers for the heart and lungs.
Medullary cavity
The marrow cavity in the shaft of a long bone.
Meninges
Inflammation of the meninges caused by viral or bacterial infection.
Midbrain
A small central part of the brainstem.
Midsagittal plane
a vertical plane through the midline of the body; divides the body into right and left halves. Also called the median plane.
Mitochondria
An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.
Mitral valves
The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart.
Muscle tissues
an aggregation of similarly specialized cells which together perform certain special functions.
Muscle tones
The tension in resting muscles and the amount of resistance that is felt when a muscle is moved.
Myelin
A mixture of proteins and phospholipids forming a whitish insulating sheath around many nerve fibers, increasing the speed at which the body reacts
Neurilemma
The thin sheath around a nerve axon (including myelin where this is present).
Neuron
A specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell.
Neutrophils
white blood cells with cytoplasmic granules that consume harmful bacteria, fungi, and other foreign materials.
Nucleolus
A small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase.
Olfactory receptors
bipolar nerve cells located in the nasal epithelium. Axons of the cells are receptors of the olfactory nerve.
Orbital cavity
eye socket: the bony cavity in the skull containing the eyeball.
Order of Large Intestine
The large intestine consists of the cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal. starts in right iliac region of the pelvis, just at or below the right waist, where it is joined to the bottom end of the small intestine. From here it continues up the abdomen, then across the width of the abdominal cavity, and then it turns down, continuing to its endpoint at the anus.
Organ of Corti
A structure in the cochlea of the inner ear that produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations.
Organelles
Any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.
Origin
The point at which something comes into existence or from which it derives or is derived
Ovaries
A female reproductive organ in which ova or eggs are produced, present in humans and other vertebrates as a pair.
Pancreas
a large elongated glandular organ, situated behind the stomach, that secretes insulin and pancreatic juice
Paraplegic
a person who has paraplegia (is paralyzed from the waist down).
Parasympathetic
Parasympathetic nervous system: The part of the involuntary nervous system that serves to slow the heart rate, increase intestinal and glandular activity, and relax the sphincter muscles.
Pathophysiology
The disordered physiological processes associated with disease or injury.
Pectoralis major
a skeletal muscle that adducts and rotates the arm
Pelvic cavity
the space bounded by the bones of the pelvis and containing the pelvic viscera.
Perineum
The area between the anus and the scrotum or vulva.
Peripheral pulse site
Right and left radial arteries. Right and left dorsalis pedis arteries. Right and left posterior tibial arteries. Right and left anterior tibial arteries.
Pharyngeal tonsils
a small, rounded mass of tissue, especially of lymphoid tissue; generally used alone to designate the palatine tonsil.
Phlebitis
Inflammation of the walls of a vein.
Physiology
The branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts. The way in which a living organism or bodily part functions.
Pia Mater
The delicate innermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord.
Pinocytic vesicle
mechanism by which cells ingest extracellular fluid and its contents
Platelets
A small colorless disk-shaped cell fragment without a nucleus, found in large numbers in blood and involved in clotting.
Pleura
Each of a pair of serous membranes lining the thorax and enveloping the lungs in humans and other mammals/ A lateral part in an animal body or structure.
Pons
The part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus.
Posterior
Further back in position; of or nearer the rear or hind end.
Proximal
Situated nearer to the center of the body or the point of attachment.
Pulmonary valve
a semilunar valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery; prevents blood from flowing from the artery back into the heart.
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Pupil
the eye, varying in size to regulate the amount of light reaching the retina.
Pyloric sphincter
the sphincter muscle of the pylorus that separates the stomach from the duodenum.
Pyrexia
Raised body temperature; fever.
Quadriceps femoris
the large extensor muscle of the anterior thigh, composed of the rectus femoris, the vastus lateralis, the vastus medialis, and the vastus intermedius.
Quadriplegia
Paralysis of all four limbs; tetraplegia.
Rectus abdominus
The rectus abdominis muscle is a paired muscle running vertically on each side of the anterior wall of the human abdomen
Red marrow
bone marrow of children and some adult bones that is required for the formation of red blood cells.
Respiratory system
the system for taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide; in terrestrial animals this is accomplished by breathing.
Retina
the light-sensitive membrane forming the inner lining of the posterior wall of the eyeball, composed largely of a specialized terminal expansion of the optic nerve. Images focused here by the lens of the eye are transmitted to the brain as nerve impulses
Right atrium
a cavity or chamber in the body, esp the upper chamber of each half of the heart
Right ventricle
the chamber on the right side of the heart that receives venous blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary trunk.
Risk factors of hypertension:
Age, race, family history, over weight or obesity, activity level, tobacco use, too much salt, alcohol, and stress
Rotation
The action of rotating around an axis or center
Rugae
A fold, crease, or wrinkle, as in the lining of the stomach.
Salivary Amylase
an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into simpler compounds.
Salivary glands
A gland that secretes saliva, especially any of three pairs of large glands, the parotid, submaxillary.
Sartorius
A long, narrow muscle running obliquely across the front of each thigh from the hipbone to the inside of the leg below the knee.
Sclera
The white outer layer of the eyeball, continuous with the cornea at the front.
Scrotum
A pouch of skin containing the testicles.
Semicircular canal
Any of three tubular and looped structures of the inner ear, together functioning in maintenance of the sense of balance in the body.
Seminal vesicles
either of two small saclike glands, located on each side of the bladder in males, that add nutrient fluid to semen during ejaculation.
Sinuses
A cavity within a bone or other tissue
Skeletal muscles
A muscle that is connected to the skeleton to form part of the mechanical system that moves the limbs and other parts of the body.
Skeletal system
the hard structure (bones and cartilages) that provides a frame for the body of an animal.
Smooth muscles
a muscle that contracts without conscious control and found in walls of internal organs such as stomach and intestine and bladder and blood vessels (excluding the heart)
Somatic system
A system dealing with actions you control (part of the PNS).
Spinal cavity
The spinal canal (or vertebral canal or spinal cavity) is the space in vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes. It is a process of the dorsal human body
Sternocleidomastoid
Either of two muscles of the neck that serve to flex and rotate the head.
Structure of Fallopian tubes:
either of a pair of long narrow ducts located in the human female abdominal cavity that transport the male sperm cells to the egg, provide a suitable environment for fertilization, and transport the egg from the ovary, where it is produced, to the central channel (lumen) of the uterus.
Superior
Higher in rank, status
Sympathetic system
A part of the nervous system that serves to accelerate the heart rate, constrict blood vessels, and raise blood pressure.
Synarthrosis
An immovably fixed joint between bones connected by fibrous tissue (for example, the sutures of the skull)
Systolic
of or relating to a systole or happening during a systole
Tachycardia
An abnormally rapid heart rate.
Tendon
A flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone.
Testis
An organ that produces spermatozoa (male reproductive cells).
Thoracic cavity
the cavity in the vertebrate body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and containing the lungs and heart.
Thoracic vertebrae
Each of the twelve bones of the backbone to which the ribs are attached.
Thrombocytes
tiny bits of protoplasm found in vertebrate blood; essential for blood clotting.
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of the wall of a vein with associated thrombosis, often occurring in the legs during pregnancy.
Tibialis anterior
tibialis anticus: a muscle running from the tibia to the first metatarsal and cuneiform bones.
Transverse plane
any one of the planes cutting across the body perpendicular to the sagittal and the frontal planes (at right angles to the long axis of the body), dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
Trapezius
Either of a pair of large triangular muscles extending over the back of the neck and shoulders and moving the head and shoulder blade.
Tricep brachii
the skeletal muscle having three origins that extends the forearm when it contracts.
Tricuspid valve
One of the four heart valves, the first one that blood encounters as it enters the heart. The tricuspid valve stands between the right atrium and the right ventricle, and it allows blood to flow only from the atrium into the ventricle.
True ribs
A rib that is attached directly to the breastbone.
Urinary system
the system that includes all organs involved in reproduction and in the formation and voidance of urine.
Varicose veins
Varicose veins are veins that have become enlarged and tortuous.
Vas deferens
The duct that conveys sperm from the testicle to the urethra.
Veins
Any of the tubes forming part of the blood circulation system of the body, carrying mainly oxygen-depleted blood toward the heart.
Ventral
Of, on, or relating to the underside of an animal or plant; abdominal.
Ventral cavity
A cavity that encases the thoracic cavity, the diaphragm, and the abdominopelvic cavity..
Ventricles
A hollow part or cavity in an organ, in particular/Each of the two main chambers of the heart, left and right.
Venules
A very small vein, esp. one collecting blood from the capillaries.
Vestibules
A cavity, chamber, or channel that leads to or is an entrance to another cavity, especially that of the ear.
Villi
A fingerlike projection of the lining of the small intestine.
Voluntary muscles
striated muscle that can be controlled voluntarily.
Ways to take temperature:
rectal method (by the rectum) oral method (by the mouth) axillary method (under the armpit) temporal artery method (forehead) tympanic method (in the ear)
Yellow marrow
bone marrow that is yellow with fat; found at the ends of long bones in adults.
Orthostatic hypertension
Sit patient up in bed and blood pressure drops
