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H.O.E study guides > Bone Exam > Flashcards

Bone Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Abduction

A

moving away from the center of the body

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2
Q

Adduction

A

moving it towards the center of the body

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3
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

slightly movable joint

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4
Q

Appositional growth

A

cells in the perichondrium secret matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

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5
Q

Articular cartilage

A

covers the ends of the long bones

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6
Q

Atlas

A

Allows forward and backward motion- 1st cervical vertebrae

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7
Q

Axis

A

Allows side to side motion- 2nd cervical vertebrae

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8
Q

Axial skeleton

A

cut off legs, arms, and head: it is everything left- CORE

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9
Q

Calcaneus

A

Heel

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10
Q

Canaliculi

A 
hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal 
waste products come through there 
passage way 
allows removal of waste products 
diffusion of nutrients
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11
Q

Carpals

A

wrist bones- 8 in each arm

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12
Q

Cartilaginous

A

Made of mostly cartilage

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13
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

C1-C7
C1&C2-allow motion of the neck
If C5 and up are fractured into spine you will die

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14
Q

Circumduction

A

imaginary circle forming

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15
Q

Clavicle

A

Between the sternum and the scapula in the thoracic cavity
Long bone
Double curved bone
Functions: keeps arm away from chest wall

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16
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

bone fragments into three of more pieces;common in the elderly

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17
Q

Compact bones

A

dense outer layer- the cells are right on top of each other

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18
Q

Compound fracture

A

(open)- bone ends penetrate the skin- seen without an X-ray

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19
Q

Crista galli

A

Where the meninges attach

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20
Q

Diaphysis

A

tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones
composed of compact bone that surounds the medullary cavity
yellow bone marrow (fat) is conained in the medullary cavity
shaft or center of the long bone

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21
Q

Diarthroses

A

freely movable joint

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22
Q

Diploe

A

Spongy tissue

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23
Q

Dorsifextion

A

pulling the toes up toward your leg

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24
Q

Endosteum

A

delicate membrane cobering internal surfaces of the bone
made out of simple squamous epithelial tissue
function:
produces a slick friction- reducing lining-
plays a role in bone growth

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25
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

separates the diaphysis from the epiphiyses
function: of epiphyseal line: it is your growth plate
where the length of the bone appears
is a joint

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26
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

epiphyseal plates of children (found in the long bones between diaphyses and epiphyses)- it is a synchondroses cartilaginous joint

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27
Q

Epiphysis

A

expanded ends of the long bone
exterior is commpact bone and the interior is spongy bone
joint surface is covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage
epiphyseal line separates the diaphysis from the epiphiyses
function: of epiphyseal line: it is your growth plate
where the length of the bone appears
is a joint

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28
Q

Ethmoid and its parts

A

Ethmoid

  • superior nasal concha
  • middle nasal concha
  • crista galli
  • cribriform plate
  • perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
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29
Q

Eversion

A

turning the sole of the foot out

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30
Q

Extension

A

reverse of flexion: joint angle is increased

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31
Q

Facet

A

smooth nearly flat articular surface

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32
Q

Femur

A

In the thigh: long bone, largest bone in the body, most vascular bone

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33
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

highly compressed with great tensile strength
contain collagen fibers
found in the menisci of the knee and the intervertebral discs

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34
Q

Fibrous capsule

A

Outer layer of the joint

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35
Q

Fibrous joints

A

the bones are joined by fibrous tissue
there is no joint cavity
most are immovable
Three types: sutures,syndesmoses,gomphoses

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36
Q

Fibula

A

Lower part of the leg, next to the tibia
Long bone
Functions: help stabilize the ankle-non weight barring

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37
Q

Fissure

A

narrow slit-like opening

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38
Q

Flat bones

A 
thin, flattened and a bit curved 
sternum, and most skull bones 
function: 
the enclose things/ protection 
site for muscle attachment
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39
Q

Flexion

A

bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint

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40
Q

Fontanels

A

soft spots

brain continues to grow until 24 or 25

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41
Q

Foramen

A

round or oval opening through a bone

passageway for blood vessels and nerves

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42
Q

Foramen magnum

A

In the occipital bone where the spinal cord goes through to brain

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43
Q

Foramina

A

hole in the bone that allows the passageways of nerves, blood vessels and spinal cords

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44
Q

Frontal bone and parts

A
  • supercilliary ridge of frontal bone
  • supraorbital foramen
  • glabella of frontal bone
  • supraorbital margin
  • orbital plate of the frontal bone
  • frontal sinuses
  • Nasal spine
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45
Q

Function of bones

A

support- form the framework that supports the body and cradles soft organs
protection- provides a protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs
movement- provide levers for muscles
mineral storage- reservoir for mineral, especially calcium and phosphorus
blood cell formation-hematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of bones

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46
Q

Gliding motion

A

one flat bone surface glides of slips over another similar surfaces
examples:
intercarpal and intertarsal joints and between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae

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47
Q

Gomphoses

A

the peg-in-socket fibrous joint between a tooth and its alveolar socket
the fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament

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48
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

incomplete fracture where one side of the bone break and the other side bends; common in children

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49
Q

Haversain canal

A

or central canal-centeral channel containing blood vessel and nerves

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50
Q

Hematoporesis

A

blood cell formation-hematoporesis occurs within the marrow cavities of bones

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51
Q

Hinge joint

A

cylindrical projections of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another
motion is along a single plane
uniaxial joints permit flexion and extension only
example: elbow and interphalangeal joints

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52
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

origin for most of the cartilage on the human body
main component is a white protein called collagen
provides support flexibility and resilience
the most abundant of the skeletal cartilage
is present in these cartilages
-articular-covers the ends of the long bones
-costal-connects the ribs to the sternum
-respiratory-makes up larynx reinforces air passages
-nasal-supports the nose

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53
Q

hydroxyapatities

A

or mineral salts
65% of bone by mass
mainly calcium phosphates
responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to compression

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54
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Suspended above larynx & beneath tongue
U shaped bone
Helps hold up air way
If broken you will most likely die

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55
Q

Hyper extension

A

Extending your arm past 180 degrees

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56
Q

Inferior nasal concha

A

Lateral walls of nasal cavity
Flat-curve like: has some ridges
Warms,humidifies, and filters air

57
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

Made out of fibrocartilage

  • shock absorber
  • allows movement and bending
58
Q

Inversion

A

turning the sole of the foot in

59
Q

Irregular bones

A

bones with complicated shapes

vertebrae, and hip bones

60
Q

Lacrimal bone and parts

A

Lacrimal sacs

Nasal lacrimal ducts

61
Q

Lamboid suture

A

Fusion of parietal and occipital bones

62
Q

Lamellar tissue

A

weight- bearing column- like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen

63
Q

Lateral excursion

A

moving mandible out to the side

64
Q

Ligaments

A

unite bones and prevent excessive of undesirable motion

65
Q

Long bones

A

longer then they are wide

act as levers in the human body

66
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

Small of your back
Function: protect the end of the spinal cord
-weight barring
-form part of pelvic cavity

67
Q

Mandible and parts

A 
Alveolar process of the mandible 
Mental foramen 
Ramus 
Body of the mandible 
Coronoid process of the mandible 
Mandibular condyle 
Mandibular notch
68
Q

Maxilla and parts

A 
Anterior nasal spine 
Alveolar process of the maxilla bone
Zygomatic process of the maxilla 
Frontal process of the maxilla bone 
Infraorbital foramen 
Tuberosity of the maxilla bone 
Maxillary sinuses 
Palatine process of the maxilla bone
69
Q

Medial excursion

A

moving mandible back to the middle

70
Q

Medullary cavity

A

inside the diapiphysis- filled with yellow marrow

71
Q

Middle nasal concha

A

Flat, very rich in blood warms, humidifies and filters air

72
Q

Nasal bone

A

On the bridge of your nose
Flat bone- oblonged in shape
Protects the nasal cavity

73
Q

Occipital bone and parts

A
  • External occipital protuberance of the occipital bone
  • foramen magnum
  • occipital condyles
74
Q

Opposition

A

bringing little finger to thumb

75
Q

Osteoblast

A 
bone- forming cells 
cuboidal in shape 
function
secrete osteoid- bone matrix 
responsible for producing new bone
76
Q

Osteoclast

A

large cells that resorb orr break down bone matrix
50 or more nucleuses per cells
secrete an acid through excocytosis which dissovles the bone matrix and causes the release of amino acids, calcium, and phosphorous

77
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells
maintains and moniters the matrix of the bone
responsible for the calcium deposists into the bloodstream
responsoble for the mineral salts being put on the bone

78
Q

Osteomalacia

A

bones are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones
main symptoms is pain when weight is put on the affected bone
caused by insufficient calcium in the diet or by vitamin D deficiency

79
Q

Osteon

A

the structural unit of compact bone

80
Q

Osteoporosis

A

bones arent as strong as they used to be

Decaying of bone

81
Q

Paget’s disease

A

characterized by excessive bone formation and breakdown
pagetic bone with an excessively high ratioi of woven to compact bone is formed
pagetic bone,along with reduced mineralization causes spotty weakening of the bone
osteoclast activity wanes, but osteoblast activity continues to work
usually localized in the spine,pelvis, femur, and skull
unkown cause (possibly viral)
treatment includes the drugs didronate and fosamax

82
Q

Periosteum

A

double- layered protective membrane
outer fibrous layer is dense regular connective tissue
inner osteogenic layer is composed of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
richly supplied with nervre fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels, which ener the bone via nutrient foramina
secured to underlying bone by sharpeys fibers
functions:
isolates and protects the bone from other tissues and infection (mechanical barrier)
provides a route and placement for the blood vessels and nerves
plays a major role in bone growth and repair
serves as a major connection sight for connective tissue

83
Q

Pivot joint

A

rounded end of one bone protrudes into a sleeve or ring composed of bone (and possibly ligaments) of another
only uniaxial movement
examples: joint between the axis and the dens and the proximal radioulnar joint

84
Q

Plane joint

A

articular surfaces are essentially flat
allow only slipping or gliding movements
only examples of nonaxial joints

85
Q

Plantar flexion

A

pushing toes toward the ground

86
Q

Pronation

A

moving palms down

87
Q

Protraction

A

pulling something forward

88
Q

Radius bone and parts

A

Head of the radius
Surgical neck of the radius
Radial tuberosity
Styloid process of the radius

89
Q

Ramus

A

Arm-like projection of the mandible on the side

90
Q

Red marrow

A

Can be found in the cancellous bone of the epiphysis and flat bones
-develops red blood cells

91
Q

Reposition

A

pulling little finger back

92
Q

Retraction

A

pulling something back

93
Q

Rotation

A

turning of a bone around its own long axis
examples:
between first two vertebrae
between hips and shoulders

94
Q

Sacrum

A

Just below lumbar in the back of the pelvic cavity

  • 5 fused vertebrae
  • weight barring
  • forms part of the pelvic cavity
95
Q

Saddle joints

A

similar to condyloid joints but allow greater movement
each articular surgace has both a concave and a convex surface
example: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

96
Q

Sagittal suture

A

Fusion of 2 parietal bones

97
Q

Scapula bone and parts

A

Scapular spine
Glenoid cavity or fossa
Acrmion process of the scapula
Coracoid process of the scapula

98
Q

Sella turcica

A

Houses the pituitary gland

99
Q

Short bones

A

cube-shaped bones of the wrist and ankle (square in shape)
allow for a slipping or sliding motion
sesamoid- have no contact with any other bone in the human body
usually found buried with in a ligament or tendon- patella (knee cap)

100
Q

Sphenoid

A

Base of the cranium anterior to the occipital bone
-butterfly or wedge shaped bone
–not a flat bone
Function-
Forms the base of the cranium passageway for the cranial nerve and blood vessels protect pituitary
Articulates with all skull bones

101
Q

Spiral fracture

A

ragged break when bone is excessively twisted; common sports injury or abuse

102
Q

Spongy bone tissue

A

honeycomb (has holes in it) of trabeculae filled with yellow bone marrow (made out of adipose tissue)
cancellous- is another name for it

103
Q

Stem cells

A

can become any type of cells in the human body

104
Q

Sternum and parts

A 
Xiphoid process
Body of the sternum 
Manubrium 
Clavicular notch 
Jugular notch
105
Q

Subluxation

A

partial dislocation of a joint

106
Q

Superior nasal concha

A

Flat, very rich in blood supply- help warm and humidify air, and cleanse it

107
Q

Supination

A

moving palms upward

108
Q

Sutures

A

occur between the bones of the skull
comprised of interlocking junctions completely filled with connective tissue fibers
bind bones tightly together, but allow for growth during youth
middle age, skull bones fuse and are called synotoses (25 and up)

109
Q

Symphyses

A

hayline cartilage covers the articulating surgace of the bone and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage
amphiarthrotic joints designed for strength and flexibility
examples:
intervertebral joints and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis

110
Q

Synarthrotic joints

A

a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bone
all synchondroses are synarthrotic
examples:
epiphyseal plates of children (found in the long bones between diaphyses and epiphyses)
joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the sternum

111
Q

Synchondroses

A

a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bone

112
Q

Syndesmoses

A

bones are connected by fibrous tissue ligaments
movement varies from immovable to slightly moveable
examples: connection between tibia and fibula and radius and ulna

113
Q

Synovial

A

those joints in which the articulating bones are separates by a fluid-containing joint cavity
all are freely movable diarthroses

114
Q

Synovial cavity

A

joint cavity- made out of two layers and is responsible enclosing the two joints
outer layer of the joint capsule is made out of fibrous connective tissue
inner part is made out of synovial membrane

115
Q

Synovial fluid

A

90% is water

116
Q

Synovial membrane

A

produces synovial fluid

117
Q

Talus

A

Top of the ankle articulates with the tibia

118
Q

Tarsals

A

Located in the heal, ankle, foot
It is a short bone there are 7 in each foot
Helps stabilize the ankle - is non weight barring

119
Q

Temporal bone and parts

A 
External auditory meatus 
Mastoid process of the temporal bone 
Styloid process of the temporal bone 
Zygomatic process of the temporal bone 
Mastoid sinuses
Mandibular fossa
120
Q

Tendon sheath

A

elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon
acts as an insulator
covering
provides a slick surface

121
Q

Tendons

A

muscle tendons across joints acting as stabilizing factors

tendons that are kept tight at all times by muscle tone

122
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

Starts at bottom of c7
Function- protection of spinal cord
Forms back part of thoracic cavity
Cite for muscle attachment

123
Q

Tibia and parts

A 
Medial condyles 
Lateral condyles 
Tubial tuberocity of the tibia 
Tibial crest 
Medial malleolus
124
Q

Trabeculae

A

Each of a series or group of partitions formed by bands or columns of connective tissue,

125
Q

Tuberosity

A

rounded projection- major site for muscle attachment

126
Q

Ulna and parts

A 
Styloid process of the ulna
Head of the ulna
Radial notch of the ulna 
Trochlear notch of the ulna 
Coronoid process of the ulna 
Olecranon process of the ulna
127
Q

Vertebrae and parts

A 
Intervertebral discs 
Body of the vertebrae 
Vertebral foramen
Transverse process 
Spinus process
128
Q

Vomer

A

Located in the posterior part of the nasal septum
Flat bone shaped like a plow share
Helps divide nasal cavity into right and left halves
Forms part of septum

129
Q

Yellow marrow

A

(fat) is conained in the medullary cavity of diaphysis

130
Q

Zygomatic

A 
2 of them make up your check bones 
Anchor shaped bone- slightly curved 
Function- forms checks 
Forms outer part of eye socket 
Passage way for nerves and blood vessels
131
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

a spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with a cup like socket of another acetabelum of the ischeum
multiaxial joints permit the most freely moving synovial joints
examples-shoulder and hip joints

132
Q

Bony matrix

A

fundamental functional unit of much compact bone

133
Q

Bursae

A

flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid

134
Q

Bursitis

A

inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or frictions
symptoms are pain and swelling
treating with anti-inflammatory drugs

135
Q

Cribriform plate

A

Looks like a sponge filled with holes where olfactory nerves go through

136
Q

Gouty arthritis

A

disposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues followed by an inflammatory response
typical gouty arthritis affects the joint at the base of the great toe
in untreated gouty arthritis the boone ends fuse and immobilize the joint
treatment- colchicine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs an glucocorticoids

137
Q

Multiaxial joint

A

permit the most freely moving synovial joints

138
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause, with an insidious onset
usually arises between the ages of 40 to 50 but may occur at any age
signs and symptoms include joint tenderness anemia, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy and cardiovascular problems, chronic bursitis and tendonitis, inability to fight infection
the course of RA is marked with exacerbations and remissions
is like a roller coaster- is really good then really bad
course:
overgrowth and inflammation of synovial membranes and joint tissues
articular cartilage is gradually destroyed and the joint cavity develops adhesion and stiffens
mainly hands and feet but may influence any joint
treatment
conservative therapy-aspirin, long-term use of antibiotics and physical therapy, anti-inflammatory
progressive treatments- drugs of immunosuppressants
the drug enbrel a biological response modifier neutralizes the harmful properties of inflammatory chemical

139
Q

Sesamoid bone

A

have no contact with any other bone in the human body

usually found buried with in a ligament or tendon- patella (knee cap)

H.O.E study guides (12 decks)

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