EXam 3 Flashcards
3 ingredient needed for fire
oxygen in air
fuel which is any material that will burn
heat
matches or flames
absorption
act or process of sucking up or in; taking in of nutrients
aerobic
requiring oxygen to live and grow
AIDS
a severe immunological disorder caused by the retrovirus HIV, resulting in a defect in cell-mediated immune response that is manifested by increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and to certain rare cancers
Amino Acids
basic component of proteins
Anaerobic
not requiring oxygen to live and grow, able to thrive in the absence of oxygen
antibiotics
medicines that stops the growth of or destroys microorganisms
antioxidants
enzymes or organic molecules; help protect the body from harmful chemicals called free radicals
Antisepsis
aseptic control that inhibits, retards growth of, or kills pathogenic organisms; not effective against spores or viruses
asepsis
being free from infection
Autoclave is good for how long?
the length of time and amount of pressure required to sterilize different items varies;
Bacilli
rod shaped bacteria
Basal metabolic rate
the amount of energy needed to maintain life when subject is at complete rest
Best reservoir
area where pathogen can live; *pathogens spread better in a warm, dark, moist environment.
Bile production
liver secretion that is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder; aids in the emulsification of fats during digestion
Bird Flu
infected poultry or contaminated surfaces; death rate for this is between 50-60%
bland diet
consists of easily digested foods that do not irritate digestive track; avoid fried foods, highly seasoned foods, parties, candies, etc.
Body Fluids
blood, urine, stool, semen, saliva, vaginal fluids
body mechanics
the way in which the body moves and maintains balance; proper body mechanics involves the most efficient use of all body parts
border of sterile field
2 inch border around the sterile field (towel convered tray) is considered contaminated
broad base of support
When lifting heavy objects you want a broad base of support; have feet shoulder width apart and one a little in front of the other
Calorie controlled diet
includes both low calorie and high calorie diets, low cal are for patient who are overweight
avoid: cream, fatty meats, candy , etc.
Calories per essential nutrients
are composed of chemical elements found in the food, used by the body to perform different body functions, as body uses elements they are replaced by elements in the food one eats. the essential nutrients are divided into 6 groups: carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water
Chain of infection
factors that lead to transmission or spread of disease.
It’s like a cycle agent -> reservoir -> portal of exit -> modes -> portal of entry -> host -> then back to agent
chemical digestion
food is mixed with digestive juices secreted by the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and pancreas. the digestive juices contain enzymes, which break down the food chemically so the nutrients can be absorbed into the blood.
Chemical disinfection
process that destroys or kills pathogenic organisms, not always effective against spores and viruses, can irritate or damage the skin and are used mainly on objects not people
cholesterol
fat like substance synthesized in the liver and found in body cells and animals fats
clean
means objects or parts of objects do not contain disease producing organisms and therefore have minimal chance of spreading disease
contact precaution
must be followed for any patients knows or suspected to be infected with epidemiological microorganisms that can be transmitted by either direct or indirect contact
contaminated
containing infection or infectious organisms or germs
Def. of organic compounds
any compound of carbon and another element or a radical
Diabetic diet
used for patients with diabetes; avoid sugar heavy foods such as candy, soft drinks, etc.
digestion
physical and chemical breakdown of food by the body in the preparation for absorption
diseases caused by virus
Diseases caused by virus– common cold, measles, mumps, chicken pox, herpes, warts, influenza, and polio
disinfection
aseptic control method that destroys pathogens but does not usually kill spores and viruses
Dry heat cleaning – autoclave
Dry heat cleaning– autoclave– dry heat involves the use of a high temperature for a long period of time. is a good method for sterilizing instruments that may corrode, such as knife blades, or items that would be destroyed by the moisture in steam sterilization. min of 320-350 F min time is 60 minutes
etiology
study of the cause of disease
endogenous
infection or disease originating within the body
ergonomic
an applied science used to promote the safety and well being of a person by adapting the environment and using techniques to prevent injuries
exogenous
infection or disease originating outside of the body
fat-restricted diet
also called low fat diets, avoid: cream, cheeses, fats, etc.
fungi
group of simple, plantlike animals that live on dead organic matter (for example, yeast and molds)
glove usage
gloves must be worn whenever contact with blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, mucous membranes, tissue specimens, or non intact skin is possible, when handling contaminated items or surfaces, when performing invasive procedures, and when performing venipuncture or blood tests. rings must be removed to prevent holes. change after each patient. hands must be washed immediately after removal of gloves
Hantavirus
a virus spread by contact with rodents or their excretions
high calorie diet
want to stay away from empty calories. avoid little debbies, regular pop, cheese its, and potato chips
high protein diet
ordered for children and adolescents, protein rich foods include meats, fish, milk, cheeses, and eggs
host
perso likely to get an infection or disease; usually because of body defenses are weak
human energy comes from where
nutrition includes all body processes relating to food. these include digestion, absorption, metabolism, circulation, and elimination. these processes allow the body to use food for energy, maintenance of health, and growth
idiopathic
without recognizable cause; condition that is self originating
importance of water
Importance of water– water is found in all body tissues. is essential for the digestion of foods, makes up most of the blood plasma and cytoplasm of cells, helps body tissues absorb nutrients, and helps move waste material through the body
Infectious agent
the first part to the chain of infection- includes bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and worms
lipids in body
lipids are commonly called fats and oils, are organic compounds. 3 most common lipids in the body are triglycerides (fats and fatty acids), phospholipids (lecithin), and sterols (cholesterol) lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
low cholesterol diet
restricts foods that contain cholesterol. used for patients with atherosclerosis and heart disease. foods high in saturated fats, such as beef, liver, pork, lamb, egg yolk, cream cheese, natural cheeses, whole milk
low protein diet
- ordered for patients with certain kidney or renal disease and certain allergic conditions. protein rich foods include meats, fish, milk, cheeses, and eggs
low-residue diet
eliminates or limits foods that are high in bulk and fiber. foods include raw fruits and veggies, whole grain breads and cereal, nuts, seeds, beans, peas, coconuts, and fried foods. used for patients with digestive and rectal diseases such as colitis or diarrhea
mechanical digestion
food is broken down by the teeth and moved through the digestive tract by a process called peristalsis, a rhythmic, wavelike motion of the muscles
metabolism
the use of food nutrients by the body to produce energy
mode of transmission
Mode of transmission– way that the causative agent can be transmitted to another reservoir or host where it can live .
a. direct: someone with disease comes in contact with someone who doesn’t have disease
b. indirect: person infected comes in contact with inadiment object (nonliving) then person comes into contact with that
c. Air (droplet): can go about 3 ft.
d. vectors: animals that carry it (ticks, head lice)
e. Vehicle: contaminated blood, water
Needle precautions–
to avoid accidental cuts or punctures extreme care must be taken while handling sharp objects. disposable needles must never be bent or broken after use. must be left uncapped and attached to the syringe and placed in a leakproof puncture resistant sharps container
needle stick safety and prevention act
2001, estimated that 600,000 to 800,000 needle-sticks occur each year exposing health care workers to bloodborne pathogens.
normal flora
Normal flora– plant life adapted for living in a specific environment
nosocomial
pertaining to or originating in a health care facility such as a hospital
nutritional
all body processes related to food; the body’s use of food for growth, development and health
Opportunistic–
opportunistic infections are those that occur when the body’s defenses are weak. do not usually occur in individuals with intact immune systems. examples– development of Kaposi’s sarcoma or pneumonia in individuals with AIDS
OSHA
occupation safety and health administration
osteoporosis
condition in which bones become porous and brittle becaue of lack or loss of calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals
Parasitic microorganisms-
means they cannot live outside the cells of another living organism. commonly found in fleas, lice, ticks, and mites, and are transmitted to human by their bites
PASS
pull pin, aim nozzle, squeeze handle, sweep side to side
pathogen
disease producing organisms
portal of entry
the way pathogen enters the body
a. Skin: biggest portal of entry
b. Mucous Membranes: every opening that has contact in the outside environment
c. Respiratory: sneezing,coughing, talking, breathing,
d. Digestive: vomit (emises), saliva, kissing, bile, stool, urine,
e. Cardiovascular: blood
f. Reproductive : vaginal fluids, semen, breast milk
Portal of exit
A place of exit providing a way for the microorganism to leave the reservoir.
PPE- when and what do you do?
Wear- safety goggles, face shields, etc.
When- patient is in isolation
Principles of body mechanics
Postures, lifting, bending, reaching, pulling, and pushing.
Protozoa
Any of a large group of single-celled, usually microscopic, eukaryotic organisms, such as amoebas, ciliates, flagellates, and sporozoans.
RACE
R- Rescue
A- Alarm
C- Contain
E- Extinguish
Religious influence on diets
Some religions don’t eat meats, other religions don’t eat shell fish, or creatures with fins or scales. Hindus won’t eat cows as they are considered sacred
Reservoir
A supply or source of something.
Rickettsiae
comprising rod-shaped to coccoid microorganisms that resemble bacteria but can be as small as a large virus and reproduce only inside a living cell, parasitic in fleas, ticks, lice, and mites and transmitted by bite to vertebrate hosts
Risk factors associated with diabetes:
May cause: Cushing’s Syndrome, diabetics, hormonal imbalances, lack of sleep
Risk factors for nosocomial infections:
infection whose development is favoured by a hospital environment.
Risk factors: low immune system, contact with someone sick
Role of nutrition:
To keep a healthy weight, prevent illness, prevent stress, and have a high immune system.
Safety glasses
Goggles or safety glasses that usually enclose or protect the area surrounding the eye
Sources of proteins:
Seafoods, meats, poultry, beans, soy
Spirilla
A bacterium (genus Spirillum) with a rigid spiral structure, found in stagnant water and sometimes causing disease.
Stages of Illness:
- incubation period- time from infectious agent enters the body until the first symptoms, very contagious, you don’t know you have
- prodromal stage- general symptoms of an illness
- full stage of illness- signs and symptoms are very specific
- convalescence- You’ll either recover or die
Standard Precautions origins
precautions designed preventing the transmission of blood-borne diseases
Sterile field transfer
1 a specified area around a patient that has been prepared for a surgical procedure. The sterile field includes the scrubbed team members, who are properly attired, and all furniture and fixtures in the area.
Sterile technique
Aseptic technique refers to a procedure that is performed under sterile conditions. This includes medical and laboratory technique.
Vaccine for boiterrism
terrorism involving the intentional release or dissemination of biological agents. Agents are- bacteria, viruses, or toxins, and may be in a naturally occurring or a human-modified
Viruses
An infection or disease caused by such an agent.
Cilia
A short, microscopic, hairlike vibrating structure. Cilia occur in large numbers on the surface of certain cells
Cocci
Any spherical or roughly spherical bacterium.
Who do use standard precautions on?
Ourselves and patients
