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Vet tech 1 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common types of heart disease

A

Valve disease, aneurysm, coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmia, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and pericarditis

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2
Q

What is the position of the heart in the mediastinum

A

Base shifted to the right and apex shifted to the left

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3
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pericardium

A

The fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

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4
Q

What is the pericardial space

A

Potential space w/in the pericardium

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5
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium

A

The fibrous sac that loosely contains the heart but does not stretch

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6
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall from deep to superficial

A

Endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium

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7
Q

What is epicardium the same as

A

The visceral pericardium

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8
Q

What is attached to the endocardium

A

The papillary muscles

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9
Q

What is the purpose of papillary muscles

A

To prevent the valves from opening the wrong way

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10
Q

What is cardiomyopathies

A

Diseases of the myocardium

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11
Q

What is the primary heart disease in cats

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy which can be seen via echo

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12
Q

What is the function of cardiac valves

A

Control blood flow by preventing back flow

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13
Q

What are the chordae tendinae

A

Tendon that holds valves to papillary muscle

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14
Q

Where does the deoxygenated blood from the myocardial capillaries go to reenter the heart for oxygenation

A

The coronary sinus that empties into the RA

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14
Q

What does the coronary arteries branch off of

A

The aorta

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15
Q

What does the AV node give the heart time to do

A

To fill up w/ blood

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16
Q

What does the AV node send the electrical signal to

A

Bundle of His that then transmits the signal into the separate left and right bundle branches

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17
Q

What are Purkinje fibers

A

Extensions of the left and right bundles sharing the electrical current to individual cardiomyocytes

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers sending electrical signals at the same time

A

For the ventricles to depolarize at the same time

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19
Q

Where do nerve fibers enter the heart

A

In the right atrium to modulate automaticity

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20
Q

What ions are concentrated outside the cardiac myocyte while at rest

A

Ca+2 and Na+

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21
Q

What ion is concentrated inside the cardiac myocyte at rest

A

K+

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22
Q

What does one cardiac cycle equal

A

2 sounds a lub (S1) and dub (S2)

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23
Q

What is the lub sound

A

Occurs after atrial systole which is the tricuspid and mitral valves snap shut at the beginning of ventricular systole

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24
Q

What is the dub sound

A

Occurs after ventricular systole which is the pulmonary and aortic valves snap shut at the beginning of ventricular diastole

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25
Q

When can S3 and S4 be heard in the heart beat

A

In large animals you can hear the ventricular filling (S3) and the contraction of the atria (S4)

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26
Q

What are murmurs

A

Extra sounds heard when the paired AV valves or semilunar valves are not closing simultaneously

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27
Q

What are the common reasons for heart murmurs

A

Valvular insufficiency (incomplete closure), valvular stenosis (incomplete opening), and endocarditis

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28
Q

How many grades of heart murmurs are there

A

6 grades 1 being quietest and 6 being the loudest

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29
Q

What are the 2 most common grades of murmurs

A

3 & 4

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30
Q

What are the 3 other names for mitral valve disease and why are the other names appropriate

A

These are also accurate because it can be present in all valves; endocardiosis, degenerative valve disease, and myxomatous valvular degeneration

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31
Q

What is endocarditis

A

Infection and inflammation of the endocardium these patients come in w/ a new murmur and a high fever this can be caused by advance periodontal disease

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32
Q

Where do HW typically reside and what secondary diseases can it lead to

A

They originate in the pulmonary artery and when high numbers are present they can be seen in the right atrium and ventricle because of this they can lead to right sided heart failure, heart enlargement, and a tricuspid valve murmur

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33
Q

What imaging can show HW issues

A

An echo and changes to the heart can be seen on an xray

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34
Q

Why are heart diseases different from congestive heart failure

A

Congestive heart failure is the hearts pumping ability is decreased this can be right sided, left sided, or both and is seen differently clinically btw cats and dogs

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35
Q

What clinical symptoms do dogs in right sided heart failure present with

A

Coughing, lethargy, fainting episodes, ascites, pitting edema, and enlarged liver

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36
Q

What clinical symptoms do dogs in left sided heart failure present with

A

Crackling auscultations of the heart, pulmonary edema, coughing, and dyspnea

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37
Q

What clinical symptoms do cats in left sided or both sided heart failure present with

A

Pleura effusion and dyspena

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38
Q

What is stage A of canine heart disease

A

A dog is at risk for heart disease

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39
Q

What is stage B1 of canine heart disease

A

Signs of heart disease and is asymptomatic such as a murmur being present but no structural changes

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40
Q

What is stage B2 of canine heart disease

A

Signs of heart disease and asymptomatic such as murmur being present w/ structural changes

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41
Q

What is stage C of canine heart failure

A

Congestive heart failure is present or has been present and the dog is receiving treatment

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42
Q

What is stage D of canine heart disease

A

Congestive heart failure is present and refractory to standard therapies the patient also requires hospitalization as it is currently dying

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43
Q

What is cardiomegaly

A

Enlargement of the heart that is based of the vertebral heart score

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44
Q

What is the vertebral heart score

A

Measuring the distance from the top of the heart to the apex and across the base normal for most dogs is 9-11

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45
Q

What is treatment of congestive heart failure aimed at

A

Increasing strength of contraction, reducing vascular resistance in peripheral vessels, and reducing excessive fluid

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46
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output

A

CO = SV * HR

47
Q

What is cardiac output

A

Blood pumped by LV/min

48
Q

What is the stroke volume

A

Strength of the heartbeat that is affected by the preload, afterload, and length of cardiac myocytes it is over the amount of blood that is pushed out w/ every beat

49
Q

What is preload

A

How much blood is in the ventricle before contraction

50
Q

What is afterload

A

What is left in the ventricle based on the resistance of the left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood

51
Q

What do larger animals have to make up for their slower HRs

A

A higher SV

52
Q

What are elastic arteries and where are they found

A

They are found closest to the heart such as the aorta and they are able to stretch w/ incoming blood flow

53
Q

What are muscular arteries and where are they located

A

The are found away from the heart such as arterioles and they are comprised of smooth muscle that is important for maintaining BP based on the ANS w/ constriction and dilation to direct blood to specific organs/tissues

54
Q

What leaves circulation due to the thin walls of the venules

A

WBCs

55
Q

Why do veins have valves

A

Because they are working against gravity to return the blood to the heart

56
Q

What is the only vein that is safe to use w/ horses

A

The jugular vein

57
Q

What veins are safe to use in cows

A

The jugular and coccygeal veins

58
Q

What veins are safe to use w/ cats

A

Jugular, cephalic, and femoral

59
Q

What is used for cardiovascular monitoring

A

Pulse, auscultation, arterial BP, thoracic radiographs, ECG, and echo

60
Q

What is a pulse

A

Wave of stretching and recoiling of elastic fibers moves through arteries and arterioles allows for evaluating regularity and strength this should be the same as HB

61
Q

What is pulse rate

A

Number of stretches/recoils palpated per min this should be the same as the HR

62
Q

What is blood pressure

A

Pressure that flowing blood exerts on arterial walls it is not constant and is influenced by cardiac output, blood volume, diameter/elasticity of the artery

63
Q

What is the formula for BP

A

BP = CO * SVR

64
Q

What is the higher number in BP

A

Systolic BP

65
Q

What is the lower number in BP

A

Diastolic BP

66
Q

What is the mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

Average pressure during one cardiac cycle used during anesthesia to monitor tissue perfusion

67
Q

What is oscillometric method

A

Cuff placed over artery and cuff measures magnitude and frequency of pulsations

68
Q

What is doppler ultrasound

A

Cuff attached to sphygmomanometer and transducer placed over artery distal to cuff

69
Q

What does thoracic radiographs allow us to evaluate

A

The size, shape, and position of the cardiac silhouette

70
Q

What is an echo and what does it show us

A

A cardiac ultrasound showing size, shape, movement of heart and its parts such as valves, calculate pressure in chambers, thickness of muscle, and assess for pericardial effusion

71
Q

What is an ECG and what does it tell us

A

An electrocardiograph produces a graph that shows HR, normal rhythms, and arrhythmia

72
Q

What are normal rhythms

A

Normal sinus rhythm and sinus arrhythmia in dogs

72
Q

How is an electrocardiogram different from an ECG

A

The electrocardiogram produces a picture

73
Q

What is the P wave

A

Depolarization of the atria

74
Q

What is the QRS complex

A

Depolarization of ventricles

75
Q

What is the T wave

A

Repolarization of ventricles

76
Q

What delivers deoxygenated blood from the placenta

A

The umbilical arteries

77
Q

How is oxygenated blood delivered to the fetus

A

The umbilical vein entering the fetus’ liver then caudal vena cava

78
Q

How does the fetal heart bypass blood from being pumped into the lungs

A

The foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus

79
Q

What is the foramen ovale

A

Hole in the right atrium to send blood to the left atrium

80
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus

A

Connection from the aorta and the pulmonary artery sending a small amount of blood to the lungs

81
Q

When should the fetal heart’s bypass methods close

A

W/in the first couple of days after birth

82
Q

What is patent ductus arteriosus

A

A non closure of the ductus arteriosus these are relatively common in young animals, produce a load washing machine sounding heart murmur that can be heard across the chest, and will lead to heart failure if untreated

83
Q

What are common congenital cardiovascular diseases

A

Vascular ring abnormalies, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), pumonic stenosis (PS), subaortic stenosis (SAS), mitral valve dysplasia (MVD), tricuspid valve dysplasia (TVD), and tetraolgy of fallot

84
Q

When are we super concerned about a puppy murmur

A

If it sounds like a washing machine or if it is still present by 6 months of age

85
Q

What is a persistent right aortic arch (PRAA)

A

Vasculature forms a ring around the esophagus typically during fetal development when there are 2 aortic arches both of which remain present when it is suppose to disappear

86
Q

What is traumatic reticuloperitonitis

A

Hardware disease that can cause pericarditis and pleuitis if the hardware break through the wall of the reticulum clinically these cows can show decreased consumption, mentation, reluctant to lay down or move, arched back, and show signs of an infection

87
Q

What is used to treat traumatic reticuloperitonitis

A

Magnets are ingested by the cow to collect any hardware that makes its way into the stomach

88
Q

What cat breeds are predisposed of HCM

A

Maine coon, sphynx, and british shorthair

89
Q

What is hypertrophy

A

Increased cell size

90
Q

What are diagnostics that can show HCM

A

NT pro BNP, thoracic radiographs when there is advance disease present, and echo at any stage of disease

91
Q

What is aortic thromboemolism

A

Aka feline aortic thromboembolism and saddle thrombus is a clot that dislodged from the atria and travels down the aorta this must be treated immediately symptoms include down, vocalizing, super painful, and cold/cyanotic

92
Q

How can HCM be treated w/ in certain cases

A

Pimobendan and clopidogrel

93
Q

What does pimobendan do

A

It is a positive inotrope increasing contractility and a vasodilator

94
Q

What does clopidogrel do

A

Inhibits platelet aggregation

95
Q

What is the genus and species name for HWs

A

Dirofilaria immitis

96
Q

What is the medical name for an HW overload

A

Cable syndrome

97
Q

What are the steps for treating HWs in dogs

A

Killing Wolbachia an endosymbiont that make it easier for HWs to live this is done w/ doxycycline, killing dirofilaria immitis w/ an immiticide, and reducing associated inflammation

98
Q

Why is important for dogs to be on cage rest while their HWs were being killed

A

To avoid HW embolism

99
Q

How do you treat HWs in cats

A

Just let it ride it out while trying to regulate the immune response

100
Q

What is the most common heart disease in dogs

A

Endocardiosis

101
Q

When should medication for endocardiosis be started

A

Once we see heart enlargement

102
Q

What are follow up diagnostics for endocardiosis

A

Thoracic radiographs, BP, ECG, echo

103
Q

What are clinical signs of endocardiosis

A

Fainting episodes and excerise intolerance

104
Q

What is used for endocardiosis treatment

A

Pimobendan to increase strength of contraction and dilates peripheral blood cells

105
Q

What breeds of dogs are predisoposed for DCM

A

Doberman pinschers, boxers, great danes

106
Q

What can cause DCM in cats

A

Taurine deficiency

107
Q

What is the commen meds to use to treat DCM

A

Pimobendon, furosemide (diuretic), Enalapril (ACE inhibitors), Digoxin (cardiac glycosides), theophyline (bronchodilators), and anti arrhythmic drugs like beta blockers and Ca channels blockers

108
Q

What is CHF

A

Inability to pump blood

109
Q

What types of fluid accumulation occur when a patient is in CHF

A

pleural effusion, pulmonary edema, ascites, and pitting edema

110
Q

What does arterial baroreflex trigger

A

Sympathetic

111
Q

What do non stable CHF patients need

A

Furosemide, oxygen, nitroglycerin

112
Q

What type of CHF patients always need to be hospitalized

A

Left sided heart failure

113
Q

What does decreasing BP do for CHF patients

A

Decreases afterload decreasing the overall workload of the heart

114
Q

What is nitroglycerin

A

Emergency treatment of CHF and is a venodilator ointment reducing preload by reducing venous return

Vet tech 1 (7 decks)

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