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Vet tech 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Left and right but not necessarily equal

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2
Q

Median plane

A

Type of sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right side

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3
Q

Tranverse plan

A

Breaks the body up front and back aka cranial and caudal

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4
Q

Dorsal plane

A

Divides the body into top and bottom aka dorsal and ventral

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5
Q

Dorsum

A

On back

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6
Q

Ventrum

A

On chest

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7
Q

Ventral recumbence

A

Dorsoventral view on rads aka sternal

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8
Q

Dorsal recumbence

A

Ventrodorsal view on rads

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9
Q

Right lateral recumbence

A

Right lateral view on rads that has the right side down

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10
Q

Left lateral recumbence

A

Left lateral view on rads that has the left side down

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11
Q

Where does the use of cranial and caudal end on all animals

A

The carpi and tarsi

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12
Q

Rostrum

A

What we use to describe position on the cranium meaning towards the nose

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13
Q

When are proximal and distal mostly used

A

When discussing limbs

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14
Q

When is palmar used

A

Only in relevence to the bottom part of the front feet

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15
Q

When is plantar used

A

Only in relevance to the bottom part of the back feet

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16
Q

Bracium

A

Arm/humerus

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17
Q

Antebrachium

A

Forearm cranial to the carpus

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18
Q

What is another word for hock

A

Tarsus

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19
Q

What is bilateral symmetry

A

The left and right halves of the body are essentially mirror images

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20
Q

According to the rules of bilateral symmetry where are the individual organs located

A

Near the midline

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21
Q

What is the dorsal cavity and what are the two ind cavities it is broken into

A

Where the CNS is located and its broken up into the cranial and spinal cavity

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22
Q

What is the ventral cavity and what are the two ind cavities it is broken into

A

It is where the organs are located and it is broken into the thorax and abdomen

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23
Q

What divides the ventral cavity

A

The diaphragm

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24
Q

What is the ventral cavity called in animals that dont have a diaphragm

A

Coelomic cavity

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25
Q

What important structures are in the cranial thoracic cavity

A

Heart, lungs, blood vessels, esophagus, and trachea

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26
Q

What is the pleura

A

Thin lining membrane that covers the organs and cavity wall of the thorax

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27
Q

What is the visceral layer of the pleura/peritoneum

A

The pleura/peritoneum that lines the organs

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28
Q

What is the parietal layer of the pleura/peritoneum

A

The pleura/peritoneum that covers the cavity wall

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29
Q

What are the important structures in the caudal abdominal cavity

A

Digestive organs, reproductive organs, urinary organs, and blood vessels

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30
Q

What organization layers of the body

A

Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems

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31
Q

What are the 4 types of body tissues

A

Epithelial tissues, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue

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32
Q

What is the difference between a group of tissues and a group of organs

A

Tissues work together to perform one task while organs are involved in the set of activities

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33
Q

What is disease

A

The result of abnormal anatomy or physiology

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34
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Maintenance of dynamic equilibrium by actively using energy and work to balance various structures, functions, and properties

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35
Q

What are the functions in a cell

A

Development, metabolism, differentiation, growth, repro, adaptation, respiration, homeostasis, obtaining energy, and other influences from external stimuli

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36
Q

What is a prokaryate

A

A singular celled organism that lacks a nucleus

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37
Q

What is a eukaryote

A

Single cells that are found in multi cellular organisms that contain a distinct nucleus that contains DNA

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38
Q

What are things that change based on cell size

A

SA and the governing ability of the nucleus

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39
Q

What does the SA to cytoplasm ratio affect

A

The nutritional requirements of the cell the smaller the SA the more nutrients is absorbed

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40
Q

How does the cell size affect the governing ability of the nucleus

A

The cell size and the activity that takes place dictates the number of nuclei that is required in the cell

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41
Q

What are the common cell structures in all mammalian cells

A

The plasmalemma/cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

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42
Q

What is the cell membrane

A

A flexible elastic phosopholipid bilayer that controls passage of substances into and out of the cell and maintains receptors for attachment of ligands

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43
Q

What makes up the cell membrane

A

Rafts of hydrophobic phospholipids, cholesterol, and protein in a fluid mosaic pattern cholesterol being the stabilizing piece

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44
Q

How do different materials pass thru the cell membrane

A

The lipid soluble materials pass w/ ease while the ionized and water soluble materials do not pass readily

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45
Q

What are globular proteins

A

Proteins responsible for the membranes special functions

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46
Q

What are integral proteins

A

Globular proteins found w/in the bilayer that may form channels thru which other molecules can pass and can be pores or selectively permeable passageways

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47
Q

What are internal peripheral proteins

A

They often attach to the cytoskeleton, peripheral proteins, or keratin fibers

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48
Q

What are peripheral proteins

A

Globular proteins that are bound to the inside or outside surfaces, often acting as enzymes to catalyze specific reactions, may be involved in changing the cell’s shape

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49
Q

What are external peripheral proteins and lipids

A

They are attached to sugar groups and form the glycocalyx

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50
Q

What is glycocalyx

A

It is made of glycoprotein and glycolipids comprised of cell adhesion molecules such as CAMs and membrane receptors they improve cell to cell adhesion and interactions between cells

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51
Q

What are CAMs

A

Sticky glycoproteins that can bond to molecules and each other and move past one another signaling pathways in the inflammatory cascade

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52
Q

What are membrane receptors

A

Integral proteins and glycoproteins that act as binding sites and involved in contact signaling in cell mediated immune response and chemical signaling such as hormones and neurotransmitters

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53
Q

What are rafts

A

The move along the cell surface helping organize functional areas on the cell surface, initiate cytokinesis during cell division, form depressions, that may lead to involution, and vesicle formation

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54
Q

What are caveolae

A

Known as little caves that are small invaginations on the cell surface that pinch off and migrate into the cell to form vesicles

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55
Q

What process are caveolae important for

A

Endocytosis, transcytosis, and contact signaling

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56
Q

What is the basal bodies

A

Located at the periphery of the cell just under the membrane that grow the cell membrane outward around the cilia and flagella as they grow

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57
Q

What is cilia

A

Large numbers on exposed surfaces of certain cells that produce synchronous wave like motion to move fluid, mucus, and debris ex oviduct

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58
Q

What is flagella

A

Move cells through fluid by propelling the cell forward via undulations, usually occurs singly, and significantly longer than cilia ex sperm

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59
Q

What is cytoplasm

A

Inner substance of the cell except the nucleus and genetic material made up of cytosol, cytoskeleton, and organelles

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60
Q

What is the cytosol

A

Viscous fluid of the cell comprised of protein/enzymes, sugars, AA, and dissolved electrolytes

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61
Q

What is the cytoskeleton

A

3D framework of the cell that supports/shape the cell, allows for movement, organizes metabolism, and anchors organelles

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62
Q

What are the three fiber types that can be found w/in the cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules, intermediate fibers, and microfilaments

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63
Q

What is a centrosome

A

Region of cytoplasm near the nucleus that builds and breakdowns microtubules

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64
Q

What are centrioles

A

Small hollow cylinders composed of 9 triplets of microtubules and duplicates in preparation for cell division becoming the spindle apparatus

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65
Q

What are the functions of the mitochondria

A

Cellular respiration transforms food into energy, divides by fission if energy demands increase, and contains DNA, RNA, and enzymes

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66
Q

What are the functions of ribosomes

A

Synthesize proteins and in doing so produces two globular subunits polypeptides and rRNA

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67
Q

What are the two locations of ribosomes

A

Throughout the cytoplasm and the RER

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68
Q

What is the function of the RER

A

Protein production

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69
Q

What is the functions of the SER

A

Synthesis/storage of lipids and steroids, eliminates drugs, and breaks down glycogen to glucose

70
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus

A

Act as modification, packaging, and distribution center for molecules destined for secretion or for intracellular use such as vesicles

71
Q

What are vesicles

A

Package of something surrounded by a membrane

72
Q

What are lysosomes

A

The cells specialized stomach formed by the golgi apparatus that breaksdown molecules/debris w/in vesicles, autolysis, and breakdown of EC material

73
Q

What is apoptosis

A

Explosive breakdown of a cell

74
Q

What are proteasomes

A

Cylindrical structure made of protein subunits that breakdown and removal of unwanted protein in the cell one at a time to be reused

75
Q

What are peroxisomes

A

Membranous sacs containing peroxidases and catalases that are formed by fission of vesicles or by pinching off of the ER they are important for detoxification and remove free radicals

76
Q

What are free radicals

A

Normal biproducts of cell metabolism that can become a problem in high numbers to proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

77
Q

What are vaults

A

Hollow transportation pods for molecules to/from the nucleus that is made from protein and vRNA

78
Q

What are inclusions

A

Packaged units of metabolic products or substances the cell engulfed these can be granules, vacuoles, vesicles, lipid droplets, and fat globules these dont take up cytology stain

79
Q

What are the functions of the nucleus

A

Maintain DNA and control cellular activity through protein synthesis

80
Q

What are the components of the nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope/membrane, nucleoplasm, chromatin, and nucleolus/nucleoli

81
Q

What are the parts of the nuclear envelope

A

A two lipid bilayers that has nuclear pores 10% of surface and the outer layer that is continuous w/ ER and is studded w/ ribosomes

82
Q

What are chromatin

A

Light or dark fibers in the nucleoplasm that is comprised of DNA and histones

83
Q

What is the function of histones

A

To move and manipulate DNA to expose certain strains for translation

84
Q

What is extended chromatin

A

Uncoiled chromatin strands actively involved in protein synthesis

85
Q

What are chromosomes

A

Condensed chromatin during cell division

86
Q

What is gene regulation

A

Histones influencing gene expression by exposing different genes at different times

87
Q

What are the functions of nucleoli

A

Ribosomal subunits are made here and contain DNA to govern synthesis of rRNA there is only 1+/nucleus

88
Q

What are symptoms of dehydration

A

Lethargic, sunkern eyes, dry chapped nose, dry mouth, gums, thick saliva, excessive panting, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, wobbly/unsteady on feet, dark concentrated color, parched skin that lacks elasticity, and warm to the touch back

89
Q

What are the symptoms of <5% dehydration

A

There are no symptoms the animal appears subclinical

90
Q

What are the symptoms of 5-6% dehydration

A

Mild loss of skin elasticity

91
Q

What are the symptoms of 5-8% dehydration

A

Mild loss of skin elasticity, tacky MM, and globes sunken w/in the orbit

92
Q

What are the symptoms of 8-10% dehydration

A

Tacky MM, globes sunken w/in the orbit, more persistent skin tent, and increased PCV/TP

93
Q

What are the symptoms of 10-12% dehydration

A

Dry pale MM, globes sunken w/in the orbit, more persistent skin tent, increased PCV/TP, CRT >2 sec, weak/thready pulses, and tachycardia

94
Q

What are symptoms of 12-15% dehydration

A

Signs of shock or death

95
Q

What is sensible water loss

A

Water loss you can sense and measure w/ typical routes of excretion such as urination, sweat, and defecation

96
Q

What is insensible water loss

A

Water loss you cant measure or sense thru transepidermal diffusion and respiratory loss

97
Q

What is interstitial fluid

A

Fluid btw cells

98
Q

What is intravascular fluid

A

Fluid w/in the vasculature

99
Q

What is lymphatic fluid

A

Fluid w/in lymph cells

100
Q

What does fluid do for the body cavities

A

Lubricates different things such as btw bones for things to glid btw each other smoothly

101
Q

What charge does anions have

A

Negative charge ex chloride and sulfate

102
Q

What charge does cations

A

Positive charge ex sodium and potassium

103
Q

What are the high concentrations of ICF

A

Potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg+2), hydrogen phosphate (HPO4^-2), and sulfate (SO4^-2)

104
Q

What are the high concentrations of ECF

A

Sodium (Na+), bicarbonate (HCO3^-), and chloride (Cl-)

105
Q

What influences the major ion concentrations

A

Gradient influences something to move from an area of high concentration to low concentration

106
Q

What charge does protein have

A

A negative charge

107
Q

What is acidity

A

The more free H+ ions in a solution the greater the acidity

108
Q

What is alkalinity

A

The more free OH- ions in a solution the more basic/alkaline

109
Q

What is the standard pH of blood

A

7.35-7.45

110
Q

What are the functions that occur if electrolytes are off

A

Transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and respiration

111
Q

What is osmolality

A

Measurement of solute concentration in fluid per kg of fluid

112
Q

What is osmolarity

A

Solute concentration in fluid per liter of fluid

113
Q

What does isotonic mean

A

When a fluid osmolality is equal to what is in the body so it is safe to give IV

114
Q

What are isotonic fluids

A

Ringer’s solution, LR solution, normosol R, plasmalyte, 0.9% NaCl, 5% dextrose in water, and 2.5% dextrose/0.45% NaCl

115
Q

What is hypotonic fluid therapy

A

Osmolality of fluid is less than that of blood so the water flows into the cell leading to swelling and possibly breaking

116
Q

What is hypertonic fluid therapy

A

What is osmolality of fluid is greater than that of blood so water shifts into the EC space causing the cell to shrink and shrivels

117
Q

What is edema

A

Excess accumulation of fluid in tissue due to abnormal movement of fluid from the vascular space to the interstitial space caused by loss of osmolality in the vasculature

118
Q

What is another word for abdominal effusions

A

Ascites

119
Q

What are crystalloid fluids

A

Water rich w/ electrolytes that are small solutes that are able to cross vascular wall

120
Q

What is colloid fluids

A

Heavy molecules suspended in isotonic crystalloid w/ large solutes that are unable to cross the vascular wall

121
Q

What are the 3 considerations for administrating fluids

A

Maintenance (daily needs), replacement for loss fluids, and resuscitation of the fluid in the intravascular spaceresuscitation

122
Q

What are the methods for passive membrane processes

A

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration

123
Q

What is diffusion

A

Kinetic movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration based off the concentration gradient

124
Q

What are the factors affecting whether a molecule may pass through cell membrane

A

Molecular size, lipid solubility, and molecular charge

125
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

Selective carrier proteins assist in movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration and is limited by the number of carrier proteins available

126
Q

What is osmosis

A

Passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from dilute solution to a more conentrated one based on osmotic pressure and “concentration gradient”

127
Q

What is osmotic pressure

A

Force of water movement across the membrane

128
Q

What is osmosis reversed by

A

filtration when hydraulic pressure applied

129
Q

What is oncotic pressure

A

A type of osmotic pressure that occurs w/ large plasma proteins such as blood, interstital fluid, or lymph

130
Q

What can oncotic pressure fulid imbalance cause

A

Subcutaneous edema and ascites

131
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure

A

The force that pushes the liquid in filtration

132
Q

What is filtration

A

Based from a pressure gradient liquids may be pushed through membrane if pressure on one side is greater than that on the other side

133
Q

What affects water crossing cell membranes and capillary walls

A

Concentrations of small solutes, large solutes such as albumin, and blood pressure

134
Q

What are active membrane processes

A

Movement of molecules and substances across the cell membrane utilizing cell energy

135
Q

What is active transport

A

A carrier protein and ATP work against the concentration gradient using a symport system and antiport system

136
Q

What is cytosis

A

A form of active membrane process used for bringing nutrients into the cell and ejecting waste

137
Q

What is endocytosis

A

Moves things into the cell

138
Q

What is exocytosis

A

Moves things outside the cell

139
Q

What is endocytosis

A

Transport large particles (phagocytosis) or liquids (pinocytosis) into the cell by engulfing them

140
Q

What is receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Receptors sitting in a coated pit waiting for something to bind to the receptor to form a vesicle typically ligands will bind to them

141
Q

How does endocytosis work

A

Microtubules to move molecules into the cell and form a membrane around it

142
Q

How does exocytosis work

A

Exports cellular products by packaging them in vesicles

143
Q

What is membrane potential

A

The potential electrical energy due to separation of ions across the cell membrane

144
Q

What cells require membrane potential for normal functions

A

Irritable cells

145
Q

What can alter the resting membrane potential

A

Environmental tonicity, osmotic pressure, temp, and contact w/ neighboring cells

146
Q

What type of cells use meiosis for cellular division

A

Reproductive cells and germ cells

147
Q

What type of cells use mitosis for cellular division

A

Somatice cells

148
Q

What are the 2 phases of mitosis

A

Interphase and mitotic phase

149
Q

What is interphase

A

The period btw cell division known as the metabolic phase and cell growth occurs throughout the three phases of interphase

150
Q

What is the growth 1 phase of interphase

A

The longest phase that can last mins to years, lots of metabolic activity, double growth in size, double the organelles, and centrioles replicate

151
Q

What is the synthesis phase of interphase

A

Chromatin becomes less condensed so the DNA replication and gene transciption occur allowing for new histones and new DNA to combine for chromosome duplication

152
Q

What is the leading strain of DNA replication

A

Takes one primer and DNA polymerase adds bases

153
Q

What is the lagging strand of DNA replication

A

Ligase binds pieces of new DNA together

154
Q

What are the steps of DNA replication

A

The chromoses uncoil and become loose chromatin, DNA is copied detaching from histones, the helicase untwists and separates DNA, primases kick off replication by attaching a short chain of RNA to be DNA strand, DNA polymerase 3 places nucleotides and binds them in 5’ to 3’ direction, DNA polymerase 1 replaces the RNA primer w/ DNA, structural maintenance chromosomes place telomere caps on the ends of DNA strand, new DNA wraps around histones making new chromatin, finally 2 identical strands of chromatin are held together at the centromere

155
Q

What is growth 2 of interphase

A

Synthesis of enzymes and proteins for divison and continued growth while centrioles complete replication

156
Q

What is the mitotic phase

A

The active division phase

157
Q

What is the prophase of the mitotic phase

A

Chromatin supercoils into X shapes, centrioles are pushed away from one another as microtubules lengthen froming the mitotic spindle, and ends w/ disintegration of nuclear envelope

158
Q

What is metaphase of the mitotic phase

A

Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell

159
Q

What is anaphase of the mitotic phase

A

When the centromere splits in half dividing into sister chromatids by the microtubules, the spindle fibers shorten, and the cell elongates

160
Q

What is the telophase of the mitotic phase

A

The final phase begins when chromosomal movement stops, chromosomes recondense into chromatin, the nuclear envelope forms, microbtubules disassemble, the cell pinches off all the way around the cell equator, and cytokinesis occurs

161
Q

What is cytokinesis

A

The cytoplasmic division creates 2 daughter cells

162
Q

What things control mitosis

A

Various cell types divide at different speeds, contact w/ other cells, growth inhibiting substances release from cells, and checkpoints that asses the division process

163
Q

What are checkpoints

A

Cyclins that get activated when they are bound triggering a cascasde that enables cell division

164
Q

What is transciption

A

Making messenger RNA from DNA

165
Q

What is translation

A

Making protein by linking AA based on mRNA instructions

166
Q

Whats a mutation

A

Genetic error caused by mutagens

167
Q

What are chemical mutagens

A

Base deletion abnormal linkage btw strands

168
Q

What is neoplasia

A

Uncontrolled cell division

169
Q

What is cancer

A

Uncontrolled cell division w/ the potential to spread to other locations

170
Q

What are the three categories we consider when calculating fluid volume

A

Maintenance, future, and dehydration (loss)

171
Q

What are the three categories we consider when calculating fluid volume

A

Maintenance, future, and dehydration (loss)

Vet tech 1 (7 decks)

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