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Pharmacology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mechanism of action of beta blockers?

A

Blocks the effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine at adrenergic beta 1 + 2 receptors in different organs and tissues

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2
Q

What are examples of cardioselective beta blockers (beta 1)?

A, M

A

Atenelol, metoprolol

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3
Q

What are examples of non selective beta blocker (B 1+2)?

P, C, L

A

Propanalol, carvedilol, labetalol

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4
Q

What do cardioselective beta blockers affect?

A

Heart

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5
Q

What do beta 1 blockers effect?

A
  • Decreased HR
  • Decreased cardiac contractility
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6
Q

What do beta 2 receptors effect?

A
  • vasodilation
  • bronchoconstriction
  • Delayed hypoglycemic recovery
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7
Q

What are beta blockers used to treat?

A
  • prevention of migraine headaches
  • post MI
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8
Q

What are the Contraindications of taking beta blockers?

Block

A
  • heart block or bradycardia
  • FDA black box: DO NOT ABRUPTLY STOP, taper off over a period of 1-2 weeks
  • abrupt withdrawal with result in MI, rebound HTN, and tachycardia
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9
Q

What do all antihypertensives cause?

A

Impotence

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10
Q

What are the adverse effects of taking beta blockers?

5 B’s

A
  • bradycardia
  • breathing problems
  • blood sugar masking
  • bad HF
  • bad for falls
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11
Q

What assessment should the nurse conduct on a pt taking beta blockers?

A
  • complete history and physical exam
  • BP screening
  • weight
  • I and O
  • breath sounds
  • Glucose levels
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12
Q

When a pt is taking beta blockers what HR should be reported to the HCP?

A
  • less than 60 BPM
  • greater than 100 BPM
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13
Q

What should the nurse be aware of before administering beta blockers?

TWFTIA

A
  • if given through the IV, tele is recommended
  • if given orally take with food to increase absorption
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14
Q

What should the nurse educate the patient on when taking beta blockers?

Long term

A
  • do not abruptly stop, drug must be weaned
  • medications are for long term prevention of angina not for immediate relief
  • spending time in a hot bath, hot tubs, saunas will cause fainting
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15
Q

What is the mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors?

na

A
  • excretion of Na and some water into the urine reducing preload ( Na retention)
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16
Q

What do ACE inhibitors end with?

A
  • Pril
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17
Q

What are ACE inhibitors used to treat?

A
  • heart failure
  • HTN
  • post MI
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18
Q

What are the contraindications of taking ACE inhibitors?

BBW, BF

A
  • FDA BLACK BOX WARNING: fetal toxicity
  • do not give to pregnant women
  • Black people do not respond well yo ACE inhibitors
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19
Q

What are the interactions of taking beta blockers?

NS, OHTN, D

A
  • NSAIDS
  • use with other hypertensives/ diuretics cause hypotension
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20
Q

What are the most common adverse effects of taking ACE inhibitors?

A

A- void during pregnancy
A- ngioedema
C- ough
E- levated K+

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21
Q

What should the nurse educate the patient on when taking ACE inhibitors?

DNTN

A
  • DO NOT TAKE NSAIDS
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22
Q

What is the mechanism of action for ARBS?

A

Block binding of angiotensin II receptors which prevents vasoconstriction

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23
Q

What are ARB’s used to treat?

A
  • HTN
  • heart failure
  • recent MI
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24
Q

what are the contraindications of taking ARB’s?

A
  • FDA BLACK BOX WARNING: fetal toxicity
  • renal impairment
  • liver dysfunction ( decrease dose)
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25
Q

What do ARB’s interact with?

NS, L, P(K) , R

A
  • NSAIDS
  • Lithium
  • Potassium
  • Rifampin
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26
Q

What are the most common adverse effects of taking ARB’s?

A
  • chest pain
  • fatigue
  • hypoglycemia
  • diarrhea
  • UTI
  • Anemia
  • weakness
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27
Q

What is the mechanism of action of nitrates?

A
  • vasodilators
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28
Q

What are nitrates used to treat?

AA

A

Management of stable and unstable vasopastic angina

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29
Q

What are the C/I of taking nitrates?

CAG, H, SHI,

A
  • closed angle glaucoma
  • hypotension
    -Severe head injury
  • when mixed with ED drugs causes severe BP drop
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30
Q

What are the adverse effects of taking nitrates?

SH, H

A
  • severe headache
  • hypotension
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31
Q

What should the nurse understand before administering nitrates?

RIBOS, HOLD

A
  • must be administered while pt is resting in bed or sitting in chair
  • hold med if HR is below 60 BPM or greater than 100 BPM
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32
Q

What should the nurse educate the patient on when taking oral route of nitrates?

TBM, 6

A
  • take before meals with 6oz of water
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33
Q

What should the nurse educate the patient on when taking nitrate through the sublingual route?

A
  • avoid exposure to light, plastic, cotton, air, heat, and moisture because it will deactivate NTG
  • take at first sign of chest pain
  • 1 pill should resolve chest pain
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34
Q

What is the mechanism of action of alpha II agonists?

A
  • inhibits outflow of norepinephrine
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35
Q

What are alpha II agonists used to treat?

CLONIDINE

A
  • BP ( decreases it)
  • management of ADHD
36
Q

What are the adverse effects of taking AIIA?

OH, GIU, I, R

A
  • orthostatic hypotension
  • drowsiness
  • GI Upset
  • impotence
  • rash
37
Q

What are the contraindications of taking AIIA?

D, N, A, DIG

A
  • diuretics
    -nitrates
  • antidepressants
  • digoxin
38
Q

What should the nurse educate the patient on when taking AIIA?

DSA, NOTC

A
  • do not stop abruptly
  • do not take with OTC medication, alcohol or CNS depressants
39
Q

What is an example of a vasodilator?

A

Hydralazine

40
Q

What is the mechanism of action of a vasodilator?

A
  • vasodilator
  • reduction in afterload
41
Q

what are vasodilators used to treat?

A

HTN

42
Q

What are the C/I of taking vasodilators like hydralazine?

CE,HI, H

A
  • cerebral edema and head injury
  • hypotension
43
Q

What are the adverse effects of taking a vasodilator?

TRASH

A
  • significant hypotension
  • tachycardia
  • rash
  • hydralazine toxicity
44
Q

what should the nurse educate the patient on when taking vasodilators?

A
  • rise slowly to decrease orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, and syncopation episodes
45
Q

What should the nurse understand before administering vasodilators?

MCL,TWF

A
  • may cause lupus
  • take with food
46
Q

What drug class end in -ipine?

A

Calcium channel blocker

47
Q

What is the mechanism of action for calcium channel blockers?

A

Prevent muscle contraction, relaxes the heart

48
Q

What are the interactions when taking calcium channel blockers?

A, HTN

A
  • angina
  • HTN
49
Q

What does CCB interact with?

GFJ

A
  • grapefruit juice ( increased effect)
50
Q

What are the adverse effects of taking CCB?

HERDV

A
  • hypotension
  • rash
  • edema
  • variable HR
    -dyspnea
51
Q

What should the nurse assess in a pt before administering CCB?

BH, DW, MOHF

A
  • bowel habits
  • daily weights
  • manifestations of HF
52
Q

What should the nurse understand before administering CCB?

Hold

A
  • hold if HR is less than 60BPM
53
Q

What should the nurse educate the patient when taking CCB?

AGF, CPS

A
  • avoid grapefruit
    -do not stop abruptly
  • change positions slowly
54
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Digoxin?

A
  • increased contractility
  • increase SV which decreases HR
55
Q

what is digoxin used to treat?

A
  • heart failure
56
Q

What are the C/I of taking digoxin?

HB, VFIB

A
  • heart block
    -V-fib
57
Q

What are the adverse effects of taking digoxin?

H, F, B, NTI

A
  • headache, fatigue
  • bradycardia
  • narrow TI so they have a higher chance of toxicity
58
Q

What kind of assessment should the nurse preform on a pt taking dig?

CA, AP, EKMG,SDL, RF

A
  • complete assessment ( confusion, constipation, decreased HR and BP, yellow and green halos)
  • apical pulse for a full minute
  • electrolytes K and Mg
  • serum dig levels ‘
  • renal function
59
Q

What should the nurse understand before administering Digoxin?

A
  • Hold if HR is below 60BPM or above 100 BPM
  • may require loading dose
  • administer w/ meals but not those high in fiber
60
Q

What should the nurse educate the patient taking digoxin on?

CHR

A
  • check HR before taking
61
Q

What are the early signs of dig toxicity?

BAD VAN

A

B- bradycardia
A- anorexia
D- diarrhea

V- visual disturbances
A- abdominal cramping
N- nausea and vomiting

62
Q

What is the antidote for dig toxicity?

A

Digoxin immune fab AKA: Digifab

63
Q

What is amiodraone used to treat?

V IS THE ONE

A
  • V- fib and V tachycardia
  • supraventricular dysrhythmias
64
Q

What are the C/I of taking amiodraone?

HB, SSB

it takes one block to slow the heartdown

A
  • Heart block
  • severe sinus bradycardia
65
Q

What are the adverse effects of taking amiodraone?

Eyes

A
  • halos
  • dry eyes
  • photosensitive
  • hepatotoxicity
66
Q

What is adenosine used to treat?

A
  • changes the supraventricular tachycardia to sinus rhythm when CCB isnt working for the pt
67
Q

What are the adverse effects of taking adenosine?

I’m alive but im dead

A
  • momentary asystole ( kills you for a second)
  • chest pressure
68
Q

What is the antidote to heparin?

A

Protamine sulfate

69
Q

What is the antidote for warfarin?

A
  • Vitamin K
70
Q

What is the only drug that busts blood clots?

A

Aletplase (TPA)

71
Q

What are the adverse effects of taking thrombolytics?

ICB

A

Intracranial bleeding

72
Q

What is a normal aPTT time?

A

25-35 seconds

73
Q

Why shouldn’t heparin be given to children under 3 years of age?

A

It contains benzyl alcohol which they cannot metabolize yet which causes gasping syndrome

74
Q

What is atrovastatin ( Lipitor) used to treat?

A

Reduce LDL levels and total cholesterol levels

75
Q

What are the adverse effects of taking atorvastatin ( Lipitor)?

DS, M+ JP, REDDISH BROWN

A
  • difficulty sleeping
  • myalgia and joint pain
  • rhabdomyolysis causing reddish brown urine
76
Q

What are the contraindications of taking atrovastatin ( Lipitor) ?

  • Px, LD
A
  • pregnancy category X
  • liver disease
77
Q

What should the nurse educate the patient on when taking atrovastatin ( Lipitor)?

Meal

A
  • take with evening meal or at bedtime
78
Q

What is gemfibrozil used to treat?

CHOL

A
  • increased HDL levels
  • decrease triglyceride levels
79
Q

What are the C/I of taking gemfibrozil?

lets hope not to find gem shaped stones in your renal system

A
  • existing galbladder disease
  • hepatic function
  • renal impairment
80
Q

What are the adverse effects of taking gemfibrozil?

G,PPTT, I, DUOP, R

A
  • gallstones
  • prolonged PT time
  • impotence
  • decreased urine output
  • rash
81
Q

What should the nurse understand before administering gemfibrozil?

PC, MLF+PT

A
  • pregnancy category C
  • monitor liver function and PT times during therapy
82
Q

What is the normal K levels?

A

( 3.5- 5.0)

83
Q

What labs need to be monitored for warfarin?

A

INR and PT

84
Q

What are the contraindications of taking hydralazine?

DONT HIT YOU H GETTING HY

A

Head/ cerebral injury

85
Q

what labs need to be monitored with a pt taking heparin?

A

They need to monitor aPTT

86
Q

What are the three BBW for amiodraone?

A
  • proarythmic, pulmonary toxicity, hepatoxcity
87
Q

What medication is used to stop excessive bleeding in pts?

AA

A
  • aminocaporic acid

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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