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Pharmacology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a common cause of stomach ulcers?

A

Bacterial infection of H. Pylori

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2
Q

What is the treatment of H. Pylori?

A

1 proton pump inhibitor and 2 antimicrobials

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3
Q

What is the patho behind antacids?

A

It neutralizes excess hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach

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4
Q

What is the use of antacids?

A

Relives indigestion and heartburn

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5
Q

What are the C/I of taking antacids?

A
  • antacids can block absorption of other meds
  • DO NOT GIVE any magnesium products
  • causes electrolyte disturbances
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6
Q

What are the adverse affects of taking antacids?

Mg, Al, Ca

A

It varies on the type but
Mg- GI upset
Al- constipation
Ca- kidney stones and gas

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7
Q

What should the nurse assess in a patient taking antacids?

ci

A
  • HTN
  • heart failure
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8
Q

What should the nurse educate the patient on when taking antacids?

A
  • long term self medication w/ antacids mask manifestations of a serious underlying condition
  • separate antacids by 2 hours from other meds
  • pregnancy category A
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9
Q

What is patho behind Histamine 2 receptor antagonists (H2 blockers)?

A

Decreases gastric acid

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10
Q

What is H2 blockers used to treat?

G, U

A
  • GERD
    Ulcers
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11
Q

What are the C/ I when taking H2 blockers?

r pt’s

A
  • liver and kidney patients may need a dose adjustment
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12
Q

What are the adverse affects when taking H2 blockers?

A
  • it relatively safe
  • causes HYPOtension when infused too quickly
  • Headache and diarrhea are most common
  • only if used long term cause thrombocytopenia
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13
Q

What should the nurse assess in a patient taking H2 blockers?

R AND L

A
  • renal and liver labs
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14
Q

what should the nurse educate the patient on who is taking H2 blockers?

A
  • smoking decreases effectiveness of H2 blockers
  • should be taking 1 to 2 hours before an antacid
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15
Q

What is the patho behind PPI’s?

A

Reduces gastric acid by inhibiting the proton pump in the parietal cells in the stomach

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16
Q

What is PPI’s used to treat?

HB, U, SUP, GERD

A
  • heartburn
  • ulcers
  • stress ulcer prevention
  • GERD
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17
Q

What do all PPI’s end in?

A

-prazole

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18
Q

What are the adverse effects of taking PPI’s?

A
  • GI upset
  • C- diff
  • fractures ( due to decreased calcium)
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19
Q

What should the nurse assess in a patient taking PPI’s?

ATS

A
  • ability to swallow
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20
Q

What should the nurse educate the pt on who is PPI’s?

A
  • all PPI’s can be used to treat H. Pylori
  • give on an empty stomach ( 30- 60 min before meals to enhance absorption)
  • patients with GERD need to avoid black pepper, caffeine, alcohol, harsh spices, and extremes in food temp
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21
Q

What is the patho behind sucralfate/ carafate?

A
  • mucosal protectant which binds directly to the surface of an ulcer to create a barrier from stomach acid
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22
Q

What is sucralfate used to treat?

A
  • active stress ulcers
  • long term management of PUD
  • esophageal erosion
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23
Q

What is the C/ I of taking sucralfate?

A

Hypoglycemia can occur in diabetic pt

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24
Q

What are the adverse affects of sucralfate?

N, C, DM, MT

A
  • nausea
  • constipation
  • dry mouth
  • metallic taste
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25
What should the nurse assess before administering sucralfate?
blood glucose before and after admin
26
What should the nurse educate a patient taking sucralfate on?
Take on an empty stomach Separate from other medications by 2 hours
27
What is the patho behind taking an anti-flatulent (simethicone)?
Breaks the mucus coating of a gas bubble causing them to break
28
what is simethicone used to treat?
Reduction in gas pain and facilitates expulsion of gas
29
What are the adverse effects of taking simethicone?
None
30
What should the nurse educate the patient on when taking simethicone?
- chewable forms must be chewed completely before swallowing - avoid gas producing foods and carbonated bevs -promote ambulation (ambulation stimulates peristalsis and passing of flatus) - do not use straws
31
What is the patho behind antidiarrheals?
Slows down peristalsis and reduce gastric secretion
32
What is the patho behind probiotics?
Restores normal flora balance and suppresses growth of diarrhea- causing bacteria
33
What should the nurse understand before administering anti diarrheal?
- do not use when associated with a bacterial or parasitic infection
34
What should the nurse assess in a pt taking antidiarrheals?
- asses for cause of diarrhea - inquire about meds associated with diarrhea like laxatives
35
What is the patho behind loperamide (Imodium) ?
Inhibits intestinal peristalsis and secretions
36
what is loperamide (Imodium) used to treat?
- acute diarrhea
37
what are the C/I of taking loperamide (Imodium)? | PTSW/GID,CNSD
- do not give to pt’s with ulcerative colitis, GI bleed, obstructions, and perforations - interacts with CNS depressants, alcohol, and antihistamines (Benadryl)
38
What are the adverse effects of taking Imodium? | GIU,D, D, D
- GI upset - dizziness - drowsiness/ fatigue - Dry mouth
39
What should the nurse understand before administering loperamide (Imodium)?
Do not give to children under the age of 2
40
What should the nurse educate the patient on when taking loperamide (Imodium)?
- take as prescribed and never exceed max tab per day - OD causes dangerous changes in heart rhythm
41
What is the patho behind probitotics?
Intestinal flora modifiers
42
What is probiotics used to treat?
- diarrhea causing bacteria - reestablish normal flora in GI tract after antibiotic treatment
43
What are the adverse effects of taking probiotics?
Infection
44
what are the C/ I of taking probiotics?
- use w/ caution in those w/ severely ill and immunocompromised pt’s
45
What should the nurse educate the pt on taking probiotics?
- encourage natural sources of probiotics like diary products, miso tempeh, and soy bevs
46
What laxatives used to treat?
- constipation
47
What is the C/I of laxatives? | long term affects
- allergy - long term use: undiagnosed abdominal pain, fecal impaction, intestinal obstruction
48
What is the patho behind psyllium (Metamucil)?
A natural bulk forming laxative which increases water absorption
49
What is psyllium (Metamucil) used to treat
Manages chronic constipation
50
What is the C/I of psyllium (Metamucil)?
Do not use in pt with undiagnosed abdominal pain
51
what should the nurse know before administering metamucil?
needs be taken with an ample amount of water
52
what is the patho of docusate (colace)?
softens stool and makes the lining of intestine wall slick
53
what are the C/I of docusate (colace)? | IO,UAP
- intestinal obstruction - undiagnosed abdomial pain
54
what are the adverse affects of taking docusate (colace)? | DAOV
decreased absorption of vitamins
55
what should the nurse educate the patient on when taking docusate (colace)?
increase fluid intake
56
what is lactulose used to treat?
control serum ammonia levels in pt's w/ cirrhosis of the liver
57
what is the adverse affects of taking lactulose? | AB,RI
- abdominal bloating - rectal irritation
58
what is the patho of magnesium salts?
moves water into the stool, promoting perastalsis and watery diarrhea
59
what is the patho bisacodyl (dulcolax)?
the only stimulate
60
what are the adverse affect of taking bisacodyl (dulcolax)?
- laxative dependence - nutrient malabsorption
61
what should the nurse educate the patient on when taking bisacodyl (dulcolax)?
62
what is antiemtic drugs used to treat?
- nausea and vomiting - minimize fluid and electrolyte disturbances
63
what should the patient be educated on when taking antiemtic drugs?
- eat bland foods - eat smaller meals more often - avoid strong smells
64
what is the patho behind scopolamine?
anticholinergic ( acetylcholine blockers)
65
what is scopolamine used to treat?
- motion sickness - post op nausea and vomiting
66
what are the C/I of scopolamine?
- contradicted in patients with narrow angle glaucoma
67
what should the nurse understand before administering scopolamine? | c,a , h
older adults may experience confusion, agitation, and hypotension
68
what should the nurse educate the patient on when taking scopolamine?
- dont touch the patch with bare fingers because it will absorb in your skin
69
what is the patho of promethazine?
antidopaminergic w/ antihistamine, and anticholinergic properties
70
what is promethazine used to treat?
- intractable hiccups - nausea and vomiting
71
what is the C/I of promethazine?
- increased CNS depression when given with opiods, hypnotics, and alcohol
72
what are the adverse affects of taking promethazine? | s, oshtn, t, pr, rb/f
- sedation - orthostatic hypotension - tachycardia - pen rolling - rocking back and forth
73
what should the nurse asses in a patient taking promethazine?
assess IV acess frequently
74
what is the patho behind metoclopramide (reglan)?
promotes perastalsis
75
what is metoclorpomaide used to treat? | dge
- delayed gastric emptying
76
what is the C/I of taking metoclopramide (reglan)?
- pt's with a seizure disorder - increased cns depression when taken with alcohol
77
what are the adverse affects of taking metoclopramide (reglan)? | s, dm, f, ha
- sedation - dry mouth - fatigue - headache
78
what should the nurse understand before administering metoclopramide (reglan)? | BEDTIME
- admin 30 minutes before meal and bed times
79
what are the adverse effects of taking ondansetron (zofran)?
- headache dizziness - prolonged QT interval
80
what should the nurse understand before administering ondansetron (zofran)?
- pregnancy category b; can be associated with cleft palate when taken during first trimester
81
what are the C/I of taking K+ replacement? | burns, AI
- conditions of tissue breakdown such as trauma burns - ace inhibitors
82
what are the adverse effects of taking K+ replacement?
- phlebitis - cardiac dysrythmias
83
what should the nurse understand before administering K+ replacement?
-must be infused via a pump (no bolus) - tele is required - K+ can only be diluted with normal saline - NEVER given IV push ( leads to cardiac arrest)
84
what is the treatment of hyperkalemia? | d/id, sbc, cg, hd
- dextrose and insulin drip - sodium bicarbonate - calcium guconate - hemodialysis
85
what is the patho behind epoetin alfa (epogen)?
stimulates production of erythrocytes
86
what is epoetin alfa (epogen) used to treat?
anemia associated w/ chronic renal failure, chemo, or HARRT therapy
87
what are the C/I of taking epoetin alfa (epogen)? | htn, hbg, c/t
- don't give to pt's with uncontrolled htn - dont give to pt's w/ hbg levels above 10g/dL - increase risk for clots and tumor growth
88
what are the adverse affects of taking epoetin alfa (epogen)?
- htn - MI - joint pain - injection site reaction - elevated hbg levels
89
what is the C/I of taking ferrous sulfate (iron)? | decreased
- decreased iron absorption with antacids and calcium
90
what are the adverse effects of taking ferrous sulfate (iron)? | GIB, DOE
- GI bleed - discoloration of enamel
91
what should the nurses asses in a patient taking ferrous sulfate (iron)?
- complete a history of menstural cyles and pregnancy status
92
what should the nurse educoate the patient on who is taking ferrous sulfate (iron)? | VC, TOES, DTS, BT, SU
- give with vitamin C - take on an empty stomach - drink through a straw - brush teeth after - sit upright 30 minutes after does to prevent esophageal irratation
93
what is iron dextran used to treat?
iron deficeincy anemia
94
what are the adverse effects of taking iron dextran ?
anaphylactic reactions
95
what should the nurse understand before administering iron dextran ? | - OUIM/IV, GTD, ZT, PTI, PMW/B+A
- only for IM or IV use - give test dose, wait an hour then administer the rest - give deep IM by z track - give over proper time interval - premedicate w/ benadryl ( diphenhydramine) and acetaminophen
96
what is folic acid used to treat?
- folic acid defiency - anemia - prevent spina bifida
97
what are the C/I of taking folic acid? | OC, S, M
- oral contraceptives, sulfonamides, methotrexate all cause folic acid deficency
98
what are the adverse effects of taking folic acid?
- rare but mountain dew yellow urine
99
what should the nurse educate the patient on when taking folic acid?
- take folic acid supplements at least one month prior to becoming pregnant
100
what is Vitamin B12 used to treat? | PA, GBPS, SV/A
- pernicious anemia - pt's who have a gastric bypass - strict vegan diet/ alcoholism
101
what are the C/I of taking Vitamin B12? | HONA
- hereditary optic nerve atrophy
102
what are the adverse effects of Vitamin B12? | H, N, HPK, T
- nontoxic but when taken in large doses can cause: - headache - nausea - hypokalemia - thrombosis
103
what is the patho behind somatropin (humatrope)? | GH
synthetic mimic of growth hormone
104
what is somatropin (humatrope) used to treat? | WS, KWDPGH
- wasting syndrome associated w/ AIDS - replacement therapy in kids who dont produce GH
105
what are the C/I of taking somatropin (humatrope)? | CWCGP, DG
- children w/ closed growth plates - decreased growth when used w/ corticosteriods
106
what should the nurse monitor in a pt taking somatropin (humatrope)?
- height/ weight every visit - review x- ray to asses growth plates - monitor bs, and 3 p's
107
what is the intended theraputilc outcome of taking somatropin (humatrope)?
increased growth
108
what is the patho behind vasopressin (pitressin)? | MADH
mimics ADH
109
what is vasopressin (pitressin) used to treat? | P/C3P, CGIB, PA/SS
- prevent or control 3 p's in pt's with diabetes insipidus - control GI bleeds - pulseless arrest and septic shock
110
What is the C/I of taking vasopressin (pitressin)?
- pt's w/ seizure disorder, cardiovascular/ renal disease - IV filtration may cause tissue necrosis
111
what are the adverse effects of taking vasopressin (pitressin)? | F/H, N , T , S
- fever/ headachce - nausea - tremor - sweating
112
what are the 3 P's
- polyuria - polydipsia - polyphagia
113
what medication treats hypothyroidism?
levothyroxine
114
what medication treats hyperthyroidism?
propylthiouracil
115
what is the mechanism of action for levothyroxine (synthroid)? | increases MR, CO, RF
- increases metabolic rate - increases # of myocardial beta adrenergic receptors to increse cardiac output - increase renal flow
116
what are the manifestations of hypothyroidism?
- high TSH and low T3 and T4
117
what is the C/ I of taking levothyroxine (synthroid)? | MI, AI, H
- MI - adrenal insufficiency - hyperthyroidism
118
what are the adverse effects of taking levothyroxine (synthroid)? | I, T, H , A, S, F
- insomnia - tremors - headache - anxiety - sweating - fever
119
what is the adverse effects of overdosage of levothyroxine (synthroid)?
cardiac issues
120
how is hypothyroidism treated in pregnant women?
dose adjustments every 4 weeks
121
how long is treatment for thyroid replacement?
life long and pt can't switch brands once they have started
122
when is thyroid medication supposed to be taken?
early in the morning 30 -60 minutes before food on an empty stomach
123
what can cause hyperthyroidism?
- too much iodine - graves disease - thyroid nodules
124
what is the mechanism of action for propylthiouracil?
inhibits hormone production by blocking iodine
125
what is propylthiouracil used to treat?
prevents thyroid storm after surgery or radioactive iodine treatment
126
what are the C/I of taking propylthiouracil? | PCD,L+RD
- preg category D - liver and renal disease
127
what are the adverse effects for propylthiouracil? | GIU, BMS
- GI upset - bone marrow suppression
128
when is a pt at risk for hypoglycemia?
when insulin is at its peak
129
what type of insulin is lispro ?
rapid acting
130
what is glargine insulin?
long acting insulin
131
what is the only safe diabetic medication for renal pt's?
glipizide
132
what are the C/I of taking glipizide? | SA, IW/BB
- sulfa allergy - interacts with beta blockers
133
what is the FDA black box warning for liraglutide (victoza)?
development of thyroid C tumors

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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