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Pharmacology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a common cause of stomach ulcers?

A

Bacterial infection of H. Pylori

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2
Q

What is the treatment of H. Pylori?

A

1 proton pump inhibitor and 2 antimicrobials

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3
Q

What is the patho behind antacids?

A

It neutralizes excess hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach

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4
Q

What is the use of antacids?

A

Relives indigestion and heartburn

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5
Q

What are the C/I of taking antacids?

A
  • antacids can block absorption of other meds
  • DO NOT GIVE any magnesium products
  • causes electrolyte disturbances
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6
Q

What are the adverse affects of taking antacids?

Mg, Al, Ca

A

It varies on the type but
Mg- GI upset
Al- constipation
Ca- kidney stones and gas

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7
Q

What should the nurse assess in a patient taking antacids?

ci

A
  • HTN
  • heart failure
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8
Q

What should the nurse educate the patient on when taking antacids?

A
  • long term self medication w/ antacids mask manifestations of a serious underlying condition
  • separate antacids by 2 hours from other meds
  • pregnancy category A
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9
Q

What is patho behind Histamine 2 receptor antagonists (H2 blockers)?

A

Decreases gastric acid

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10
Q

What is H2 blockers used to treat?

G, U

A
  • GERD
    Ulcers
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11
Q

What are the C/ I when taking H2 blockers?

r pt’s

A
  • liver and kidney patients may need a dose adjustment
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12
Q

What are the adverse affects when taking H2 blockers?

A
  • it relatively safe
  • causes HYPOtension when infused too quickly
  • Headache and diarrhea are most common
  • only if used long term cause thrombocytopenia
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13
Q

What should the nurse assess in a patient taking H2 blockers?

R AND L

A
  • renal and liver labs
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14
Q

what should the nurse educate the patient on who is taking H2 blockers?

A
  • smoking decreases effectiveness of H2 blockers
  • should be taking 1 to 2 hours before an antacid
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15
Q

What is the patho behind PPI’s?

A

Reduces gastric acid by inhibiting the proton pump in the parietal cells in the stomach

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16
Q

What is PPI’s used to treat?

HB, U, SUP, GERD

A
  • heartburn
  • ulcers
  • stress ulcer prevention
  • GERD
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17
Q

What do all PPI’s end in?

A

-prazole

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18
Q

What are the adverse effects of taking PPI’s?

A
  • GI upset
  • C- diff
  • fractures ( due to decreased calcium)
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19
Q

What should the nurse assess in a patient taking PPI’s?

ATS

A
  • ability to swallow
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20
Q

What should the nurse educate the pt on who is PPI’s?

A
  • all PPI’s can be used to treat H. Pylori
  • give on an empty stomach ( 30- 60 min before meals to enhance absorption)
  • patients with GERD need to avoid black pepper, caffeine, alcohol, harsh spices, and extremes in food temp
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21
Q

What is the patho behind sucralfate/ carafate?

A
  • mucosal protectant which binds directly to the surface of an ulcer to create a barrier from stomach acid
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22
Q

What is sucralfate used to treat?

A
  • active stress ulcers
  • long term management of PUD
  • esophageal erosion
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23
Q

What is the C/ I of taking sucralfate?

A

Hypoglycemia can occur in diabetic pt

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24
Q

What are the adverse affects of sucralfate?

N, C, DM, MT

A
  • nausea
  • constipation
  • dry mouth
  • metallic taste
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25
Q

What should the nurse assess before administering sucralfate?

A

blood glucose before and after admin

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26
Q

What should the nurse educate a patient taking sucralfate on?

A

Take on an empty stomach
Separate from other medications by 2 hours

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27
Q

What is the patho behind taking an anti-flatulent (simethicone)?

A

Breaks the mucus coating of a gas bubble causing them to break

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28
Q

what is simethicone used to treat?

A

Reduction in gas pain and facilitates expulsion of gas

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29
Q

What are the adverse effects of taking simethicone?

A

None

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30
Q

What should the nurse educate the patient on when taking simethicone?

A
  • chewable forms must be chewed completely before swallowing
  • avoid gas producing foods and carbonated bevs
    -promote ambulation (ambulation stimulates peristalsis and passing of flatus)
  • do not use straws
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31
Q

What is the patho behind antidiarrheals?

A

Slows down peristalsis and reduce gastric secretion

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32
Q

What is the patho behind probiotics?

A

Restores normal flora balance and suppresses growth of diarrhea- causing bacteria

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33
Q

What should the nurse understand before administering anti diarrheal?

A
  • do not use when associated with a bacterial or parasitic infection
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34
Q

What should the nurse assess in a pt taking antidiarrheals?

A
  • asses for cause of diarrhea
  • inquire about meds associated with diarrhea like laxatives
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35
Q

What is the patho behind loperamide (Imodium) ?

A

Inhibits intestinal peristalsis and secretions

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36
Q

what is loperamide (Imodium) used to treat?

A
  • acute diarrhea
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37
Q

what are the C/I of taking loperamide (Imodium)?

PTSW/GID,CNSD

A
  • do not give to pt’s with ulcerative colitis, GI bleed, obstructions, and perforations
  • interacts with CNS depressants, alcohol, and antihistamines (Benadryl)
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38
Q

What are the adverse effects of taking Imodium?

GIU,D, D, D

A
  • GI upset
  • dizziness
  • drowsiness/ fatigue
  • Dry mouth
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39
Q

What should the nurse understand before administering loperamide (Imodium)?

A

Do not give to children under the age of 2

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40
Q

What should the nurse educate the patient on when taking loperamide (Imodium)?

A
  • take as prescribed and never exceed max tab per day
  • OD causes dangerous changes in heart rhythm
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41
Q

What is the patho behind probitotics?

A

Intestinal flora modifiers

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42
Q

What is probiotics used to treat?

A
  • diarrhea causing bacteria
  • reestablish normal flora in GI tract after antibiotic treatment
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43
Q

What are the adverse effects of taking probiotics?

A

Infection

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44
Q

what are the C/ I of taking probiotics?

A
  • use w/ caution in those w/ severely ill and immunocompromised pt’s
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45
Q

What should the nurse educate the pt on taking probiotics?

A
  • encourage natural sources of probiotics like diary products, miso tempeh, and soy bevs
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46
Q

What laxatives used to treat?

A
  • constipation
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47
Q

What is the C/I of laxatives?

long term affects

A
  • allergy
  • long term use: undiagnosed abdominal pain, fecal impaction, intestinal obstruction
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48
Q

What is the patho behind psyllium (Metamucil)?

A

A natural bulk forming laxative which increases water absorption

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49
Q

What is psyllium (Metamucil) used to treat

A

Manages chronic constipation

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50
Q

What is the C/I of psyllium (Metamucil)?

A

Do not use in pt with undiagnosed abdominal pain

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51
Q

what should the nurse know before administering metamucil?

A

needs be taken with an ample amount of water

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52
Q

what is the patho of docusate (colace)?

A

softens stool and makes the lining of intestine wall slick

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53
Q

what are the C/I of docusate (colace)?

IO,UAP

A
  • intestinal obstruction
  • undiagnosed abdomial pain
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54
Q

what are the adverse affects of taking docusate (colace)?

DAOV

A

decreased absorption of vitamins

55
Q

what should the nurse educate the patient on when taking docusate (colace)?

A

increase fluid intake

56
Q

what is lactulose used to treat?

A

control serum ammonia levels in pt’s w/ cirrhosis of the liver

57
Q

what is the adverse affects of taking lactulose?

AB,RI

A
  • abdominal bloating
  • rectal irritation
58
Q

what is the patho of magnesium salts?

A

moves water into the stool, promoting perastalsis and watery diarrhea

59
Q

what is the patho bisacodyl (dulcolax)?

A

the only stimulate

60
Q

what are the adverse affect of taking bisacodyl (dulcolax)?

A
  • laxative dependence
  • nutrient malabsorption
61
Q

what should the nurse educate the patient on when taking bisacodyl (dulcolax)?

A
62
Q

what is antiemtic drugs used to treat?

A
  • nausea and vomiting
  • minimize fluid and electrolyte disturbances
63
Q

what should the patient be educated on when taking antiemtic drugs?

A
  • eat bland foods
  • eat smaller meals more often
  • avoid strong smells
64
Q

what is the patho behind scopolamine?

A

anticholinergic
( acetylcholine blockers)

65
Q

what is scopolamine used to treat?

A
  • motion sickness
  • post op nausea and vomiting
66
Q

what are the C/I of scopolamine?

A
  • contradicted in patients with narrow angle glaucoma
67
Q

what should the nurse understand before administering scopolamine?

c,a , h

A

older adults may experience confusion, agitation, and hypotension

68
Q

what should the nurse educate the patient on when taking scopolamine?

A
  • dont touch the patch with bare fingers because it will absorb in your skin
69
Q

what is the patho of promethazine?

A

antidopaminergic w/ antihistamine, and anticholinergic properties

70
Q

what is promethazine used to treat?

A
  • intractable hiccups
  • nausea and vomiting
71
Q

what is the C/I of promethazine?

A
  • increased CNS depression when given with opiods, hypnotics, and alcohol
72
Q

what are the adverse affects of taking promethazine?

s, oshtn, t, pr, rb/f

A
  • sedation
  • orthostatic hypotension
  • tachycardia
  • pen rolling
  • rocking back and forth
73
Q

what should the nurse asses in a patient taking promethazine?

A

assess IV acess frequently

74
Q

what is the patho behind metoclopramide (reglan)?

A

promotes perastalsis

75
Q

what is metoclorpomaide used to treat?

dge

A
  • delayed gastric emptying
76
Q

what is the C/I of taking metoclopramide (reglan)?

A
  • pt’s with a seizure disorder
  • increased cns depression when taken with alcohol
77
Q

what are the adverse affects of taking metoclopramide (reglan)?

s, dm, f, ha

A
  • sedation
  • dry mouth
  • fatigue
  • headache
78
Q

what should the nurse understand before administering metoclopramide (reglan)?

BEDTIME

A
  • admin 30 minutes before meal and bed times
79
Q

what are the adverse effects of taking ondansetron (zofran)?

A
  • headache dizziness
  • prolonged QT interval
80
Q

what should the nurse understand before administering ondansetron (zofran)?

A
  • pregnancy category b; can be associated with cleft palate when taken during first trimester
81
Q

what are the C/I of taking K+ replacement?

burns, AI

A
  • conditions of tissue breakdown such as trauma burns
  • ace inhibitors
82
Q

what are the adverse effects of taking K+ replacement?

A
  • phlebitis
  • cardiac dysrythmias
83
Q

what should the nurse understand before administering K+ replacement?

A

-must be infused via a pump (no bolus)
- tele is required
- K+ can only be diluted with normal saline
- NEVER given IV push ( leads to cardiac arrest)

84
Q

what is the treatment of hyperkalemia?

d/id, sbc, cg, hd

A
  • dextrose and insulin drip
  • sodium bicarbonate
  • calcium guconate
  • hemodialysis
85
Q

what is the patho behind epoetin alfa (epogen)?

A

stimulates production of erythrocytes

86
Q

what is epoetin alfa (epogen) used to treat?

A

anemia associated w/ chronic renal failure, chemo, or HARRT therapy

87
Q

what are the C/I of taking epoetin alfa (epogen)?

htn, hbg, c/t

A
  • don’t give to pt’s with uncontrolled htn
  • dont give to pt’s w/ hbg levels above 10g/dL
  • increase risk for clots and tumor growth
88
Q

what are the adverse affects of taking epoetin alfa (epogen)?

A
  • htn
  • MI
  • joint pain
  • injection site reaction
  • elevated hbg levels
89
Q

what is the C/I of taking ferrous sulfate (iron)?

decreased

A
  • decreased iron absorption with antacids and calcium
90
Q

what are the adverse effects of taking ferrous sulfate (iron)?

GIB, DOE

A
  • GI bleed
  • discoloration of enamel
91
Q

what should the nurses asses in a patient taking ferrous sulfate (iron)?

A
  • complete a history of menstural cyles and pregnancy status
92
Q

what should the nurse educoate the patient on who is taking ferrous sulfate (iron)?

VC, TOES, DTS, BT, SU

A
  • give with vitamin C
  • take on an empty stomach
  • drink through a straw
  • brush teeth after
  • sit upright 30 minutes after does to prevent esophageal irratation
93
Q

what is iron dextran used to treat?

A

iron deficeincy anemia

94
Q

what are the adverse effects of taking iron dextran ?

A

anaphylactic reactions

95
Q

what should the nurse understand before administering iron dextran ?

- OUIM/IV, GTD, ZT, PTI, PMW/B+A

A
  • only for IM or IV use
  • give test dose, wait an hour then administer the rest
  • give deep IM by z track
  • give over proper time interval
  • premedicate w/ benadryl ( diphenhydramine) and acetaminophen
96
Q

what is folic acid used to treat?

A
  • folic acid defiency
  • anemia
  • prevent spina bifida
97
Q

what are the C/I of taking folic acid?

OC, S, M

A
  • oral contraceptives, sulfonamides, methotrexate all cause folic acid deficency
98
Q

what are the adverse effects of taking folic acid?

A
  • rare but mountain dew yellow urine
99
Q

what should the nurse educate the patient on when taking folic acid?

A
  • take folic acid supplements at least one month prior to becoming pregnant
100
Q

what is Vitamin B12 used to treat?

PA, GBPS, SV/A

A
  • pernicious anemia
  • pt’s who have a gastric bypass
  • strict vegan diet/ alcoholism
101
Q

what are the C/I of taking Vitamin B12?

HONA

A
  • hereditary optic nerve atrophy
102
Q

what are the adverse effects of Vitamin B12?

H, N, HPK, T

A
  • nontoxic but when taken in large doses can cause:
  • headache
  • nausea
  • hypokalemia
  • thrombosis
103
Q

what is the patho behind somatropin (humatrope)?

GH

A

synthetic mimic of growth hormone

104
Q

what is somatropin (humatrope) used to treat?

WS, KWDPGH

A
  • wasting syndrome associated w/ AIDS
  • replacement therapy in kids who dont produce GH
105
Q

what are the C/I of taking somatropin (humatrope)?

CWCGP, DG

A
  • children w/ closed growth plates
  • decreased growth when used w/ corticosteriods
106
Q

what should the nurse monitor in a pt taking somatropin (humatrope)?

A
  • height/ weight every visit
  • review x- ray to asses growth plates
  • monitor bs, and 3 p’s
107
Q

what is the intended theraputilc outcome of taking somatropin (humatrope)?

A

increased growth

108
Q

what is the patho behind vasopressin (pitressin)?

MADH

A

mimics ADH

109
Q

what is vasopressin (pitressin) used to treat?

P/C3P, CGIB, PA/SS

A
  • prevent or control 3 p’s in pt’s with diabetes insipidus
  • control GI bleeds
  • pulseless arrest and septic shock
110
Q

What is the C/I of taking vasopressin (pitressin)?

A
  • pt’s w/ seizure disorder, cardiovascular/ renal disease
  • IV filtration may cause tissue necrosis
111
Q

what are the adverse effects of taking vasopressin (pitressin)?

F/H, N , T , S

A
  • fever/ headachce
  • nausea
  • tremor
  • sweating
112
Q

what are the 3 P’s

A
  • polyuria
  • polydipsia
  • polyphagia
113
Q

what medication treats hypothyroidism?

A

levothyroxine

114
Q

what medication treats hyperthyroidism?

A

propylthiouracil

115
Q

what is the mechanism of action for levothyroxine (synthroid)?

increases MR, CO, RF

A
  • increases metabolic rate
  • increases # of myocardial beta adrenergic receptors to increse cardiac output
  • increase renal flow
116
Q

what are the manifestations of hypothyroidism?

A
  • high TSH and low T3 and T4
117
Q

what is the C/ I of taking levothyroxine (synthroid)?

MI, AI, H

A
  • MI
  • adrenal insufficiency
  • hyperthyroidism
118
Q

what are the adverse effects of taking levothyroxine (synthroid)?

I, T, H , A, S, F

A
  • insomnia
  • tremors
  • headache
  • anxiety
  • sweating
  • fever
119
Q

what is the adverse effects of overdosage of levothyroxine (synthroid)?

A

cardiac issues

120
Q

how is hypothyroidism treated in pregnant women?

A

dose adjustments every 4 weeks

121
Q

how long is treatment for thyroid replacement?

A

life long and pt can’t switch brands once they have started

122
Q

when is thyroid medication supposed to be taken?

A

early in the morning 30 -60 minutes before food on an empty stomach

123
Q

what can cause hyperthyroidism?

A
  • too much iodine
  • graves disease
  • thyroid nodules
124
Q

what is the mechanism of action for propylthiouracil?

A

inhibits hormone production by blocking iodine

125
Q

what is propylthiouracil used to treat?

A

prevents thyroid storm after surgery or radioactive iodine treatment

126
Q

what are the C/I of taking propylthiouracil?

PCD,L+RD

A
  • preg category D
  • liver and renal disease
127
Q

what are the adverse effects for propylthiouracil?

GIU, BMS

A
  • GI upset
  • bone marrow suppression
128
Q

when is a pt at risk for hypoglycemia?

A

when insulin is at its peak

129
Q

what type of insulin is lispro ?

A

rapid acting

130
Q

what is glargine insulin?

A

long acting insulin

131
Q

what is the only safe diabetic medication for renal pt’s?

A

glipizide

132
Q

what are the C/I of taking glipizide?

SA, IW/BB

A
  • sulfa allergy
  • interacts with beta blockers
133
Q

what is the FDA black box warning for liraglutide (victoza)?

A

development of thyroid C tumors

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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