Exam 4 Flashcards by Lauren Ramirez

Bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5

Cauda equina

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What are the two areas of the spinal cord that are thicker than elsewhere

Cervical enlargement

Lumbar enlargement

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Three fibrous connective tissue membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord

Meninges

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From superficial to deep what are the three layers of meninges

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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carry sensory information up the spinal cord

ascending tracts

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carry motor information down the spinal cord

descending tracts

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as the fibers pass up or down the brainstem and spinal cord they cross over from the left to the right side and vice versa

decussation

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when the origin and the destination of a tract are on opposite sides of the body

contralateral

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when the origin and the destination of a tract are on the same side of the body
does NOT decussate

Ipsilateral

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Detect stimulus and transmit signal to spinal cord or brain stem

First-order neurons

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Continues to the thalamus at the upper end of the brainstem

Second-order neurons

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Carries the signal the rest of the way to the sensory region of the cerebral cortex

Third-order neurons

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Know the major brain subdivisions

Cerebellum, cerebrum, brainstem, diencephalon

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where are the superior and inferior colliculi located

in the midbrain

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superior colliculi functions are

visual attention

tracking moving objects and some reflexes

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functions of the inferior colliculi

receive signals from the inner ear

relays them to other parts of the brain

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where is the reticular formation found

extends through the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

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what is the reticular formation involved with

cardiac vasomotor and respiratory centers

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what are the names of the meninges superficial to deep

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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what do the meninges do

connective tissue membrane that help protect the brain and spine

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what are the lobes of the brain

temporal, frontal, occipital, parietal

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function of the pons

works with the medulla oblongata for RR
sleep
posture1

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corpus callosum function

provides a pathway of communication between the left and right hemisphere

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function of hypothalamus

regulation of body temp
control endocrine system
control autonomic nervous sys.

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hippocampus function

storing memories and forms long term memories

amygdala function

-expression of emotions -control of behavior -moods fear

pineal gland function

receive information about light and dark motion | secretes melatonin

where is arbor vitae found

in the cerebellum

function of basal nuclei

help regulate motor output initiated by cerebral cortex (helps inhibit unwanted movement)

function of brocca's area

generates motor program for the muscles cheeks and lips

where is brocca's area found

frontal cortex, left hemisphere

function of wernicke's area

recognizing, understanding, and comprehending spoken or written language

where is wernicke's area located

emailed tchr

what is agnosia

inability to recognize, identify and name familiar objects

what is aphasia

any language deficit from lesions in left hemisphere either brocca or wernicke

which lobe contains primary visual somatosensory and auditory cortices

occipital lobe

define paraplegia

paralysis of lower extremities

define quadriplegia

paralysis of upper and lower extremities

hemiplegia

paralysis of one side of the body

how many total spinal nerves are there

how many cervical nerves

how many thoracic nerves

how many lumbar

how many sacral nerves

how many coccygeal nerves

what kind of information does ascending tracts carry

sensory

what kind of information does descending tracts carry

motor information

Define decussation

when information is carried over from the left to right side or right to left side

define ipsilateral

origin and destination of the tract are on the same side of the body

define contralateral

when the origin and destination of the tract are on the opposite sides

detect stimulus and transmit signal to spinal cord or brainstem

first- order neurons

continues to the thalamus at the upper end of the brainstem

second order neurons

carries the signal the rest of the way to the sensory region of the cerebral cortex

third order neurons

carry motor signals down the brainstem and spinal cord

descending tracts

originates in the cerebral cortex or brainstem and terminates on a lower motor neuron

upper motor neuron

in brainstem or spinal cord

lower motor neuron

a collection of cell bodies along the length of a nerve

ganglia located in PNS

define nucleus

eep

define tracts

white matter on each side of the cord. conduct signals from the brain to the spinal cord

define nerves

pathways in the spinal cord that communicate information up to the cerebral cortex

Carry information from receptors to posterior horn of spinal cord or the brainstem (dorsal root)

afferent nerve fibers

Carry motor impulses to skeletal muscle (ventral root)

efferent

contains descending analgesic information

lateral and medial reticulospinal tract

What is typically contained in gray matter

neuron cell bodies with little myelin | Site of information processing, synaptic integration

what is typically found in white matter

myelinated axons | Carry signals from one part of the CNS to another

define transduction

the conversion of one form of energy | to another

adapt slowly, generate nerve signals more steadily

tonic receptor

generate a burst of action potentials when first stimulated, then quickly adapt sharply reduce or stop signaling even though the stimulus

phasic receptor

classification of modality receptors

``` Thermoreceptors photoreceptors nociceptors chemoreceptors mechanoreceptors ```

classification of origin of stimuli receptors

exteroceptors interoceptors proprioceptors

detect external stimuli

exteroceptors

detect internal stimuli

interoceptors

sense body position and movements

proprioceptors

what is the one sense that can bypass the thalamus

SMELL

where is CSF made

the choroid plexus

anterior going toward the face

rostral

posterior going toward the back of the head

caudal

where is the pineal gland located

in the epithalamus

where can you do a spinal tap without causing damage

below L2

flows down the central canal

cerebral spinal fluid

produce savory or meaty flavor (Japanese word meaning delicious flavor)

Umami

motor center that relays inhibitory signals to thalamus and basal nuclei preventing unwanted body movement

substantia nigra

stimulates the opening cation channels that allow the inflow of Na and Ca

cAMP

the spinocerebellar tract is ipsilateral or contralateral?

ipsilateral

what kind of information does the spinoreticular tract carry

ascending pain information

Receive somatic sensory information | send signals through medial lemniscus to thalamus

gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus

connect cerebellum to pons and midbrain

cerebellar peduncles