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Biology 2401 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5

A

Cauda equina

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2
Q

What are the two areas of the spinal cord that are thicker than elsewhere

A

Cervical enlargement

Lumbar enlargement

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3
Q

Three fibrous connective tissue membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord

A

Meninges

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4
Q

From superficial to deep what are the three layers of meninges

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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5
Q

carry sensory information up the spinal cord

A

ascending tracts

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6
Q

carry motor information down the spinal cord

A

descending tracts

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7
Q

as the fibers pass up or down the brainstem and spinal cord they cross over from the left to the right side and vice versa

A

decussation

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8
Q

when the origin and the destination of a tract are on opposite sides of the body

A

contralateral

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9
Q

when the origin and the destination of a tract are on the same side of the body
does NOT decussate

A

Ipsilateral

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10
Q

Detect stimulus and transmit signal to spinal cord or brain stem

A

First-order neurons

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11
Q

Continues to the thalamus at the upper end of the brainstem

A

Second-order neurons

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12
Q

Carries the signal the rest of the way to the sensory region of the cerebral cortex

A

Third-order neurons

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13
Q

Know the major brain subdivisions

A

Cerebellum, cerebrum, brainstem, diencephalon

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14
Q

where are the superior and inferior colliculi located

A

in the midbrain

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15
Q

superior colliculi functions are

A

visual attention

tracking moving objects and some reflexes

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16
Q

functions of the inferior colliculi

A

receive signals from the inner ear

relays them to other parts of the brain

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17
Q

where is the reticular formation found

A

extends through the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

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18
Q

what is the reticular formation involved with

A

cardiac vasomotor and respiratory centers

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19
Q

what are the names of the meninges superficial to deep

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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20
Q

what do the meninges do

A

connective tissue membrane that help protect the brain and spine

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21
Q

what are the lobes of the brain

A

temporal, frontal, occipital, parietal

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22
Q

function of the pons

A

works with the medulla oblongata for RR
sleep
posture1

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23
Q

corpus callosum function

A

provides a pathway of communication between the left and right hemisphere

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24
Q

function of hypothalamus

A
  • regulation of body temp
  • control endocrine system
  • control autonomic nervous sys.
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25
Q

hippocampus function

A

storing memories and forms long term memories

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26
Q

amygdala function

A

-expression of emotions
-control of behavior
-moods
fear

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27
Q

pineal gland function

A

receive information about light and dark motion

secretes melatonin

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28
Q

where is arbor vitae found

A

in the cerebellum

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29
Q

function of basal nuclei

A

help regulate motor output initiated by cerebral cortex (helps inhibit unwanted movement)

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30
Q

function of brocca’s area

A

generates motor program for the muscles cheeks and lips

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31
Q

where is brocca’s area found

A

frontal cortex, left hemisphere

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32
Q

function of wernicke’s area

A

recognizing, understanding, and comprehending spoken or written language

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33
Q

where is wernicke’s area located

A

emailed tchr

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34
Q

what is agnosia

A

inability to recognize, identify and name familiar objects

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35
Q

what is aphasia

A

any language deficit from lesions in left hemisphere either brocca or wernicke

36
Q

which lobe contains primary visual somatosensory and auditory cortices

A

occipital lobe

37
Q

define paraplegia

A

paralysis of lower extremities

38
Q

define quadriplegia

A

paralysis of upper and lower extremities

39
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis of one side of the body

40
Q

how many total spinal nerves are there

A

31

41
Q

how many cervical nerves

A

8

42
Q

how many thoracic nerves

A

12

43
Q

how many lumbar

A

5

44
Q

how many sacral nerves

A

5

45
Q

how many coccygeal nerves

A

1

46
Q

what kind of information does ascending tracts carry

A

sensory

47
Q

what kind of information does descending tracts carry

A

motor information

48
Q

Define decussation

A

when information is carried over from the left to right side or right to left side

49
Q

define ipsilateral

A

origin and destination of the tract are on the same side of the body

50
Q

define contralateral

A

when the origin and destination of the tract are on the opposite sides

51
Q

detect stimulus and transmit signal to spinal cord or brainstem

A

first- order neurons

52
Q

continues to the thalamus at the upper end of the brainstem

A

second order neurons

53
Q

carries the signal the rest of the way to the sensory region of the cerebral cortex

A

third order neurons

54
Q

carry motor signals down the brainstem and spinal cord

A

descending tracts

55
Q

originates in the cerebral cortex or brainstem and terminates on a lower motor neuron

A

upper motor neuron

56
Q

in brainstem or spinal cord

A

lower motor neuron

57
Q

a collection of cell bodies along the length of a nerve

A

ganglia located in PNS

58
Q

define nucleus

A

eep

59
Q

define tracts

A

white matter on each side of the cord. conduct signals from the brain to the spinal cord

60
Q

define nerves

A

pathways in the spinal cord that communicate information up to the cerebral cortex

61
Q

Carry information from receptors to posterior horn of spinal cord
or the brainstem (dorsal root)

A

afferent nerve fibers

62
Q

Carry motor impulses to skeletal muscle (ventral root)

A

efferent

63
Q

contains descending analgesic information

A

lateral and medial reticulospinal tract

64
Q

What is typically contained in gray matter

A

neuron cell bodies with little myelin

Site of information processing, synaptic integration

65
Q

what is typically found in white matter

A

myelinated axons

Carry signals from one part of the CNS to another

66
Q

define transduction

A

the conversion of one form of energy

to another

67
Q

adapt slowly, generate nerve signals more steadily

A

tonic receptor

68
Q

generate a burst of action potentials when first stimulated, then quickly adapt sharply reduce or stop signaling even though the stimulus

A

phasic receptor

69
Q

classification of modality receptors

A 
Thermoreceptors
photoreceptors
nociceptors
chemoreceptors
mechanoreceptors
70
Q

classification of origin of stimuli receptors

A

exteroceptors
interoceptors
proprioceptors

71
Q

detect external stimuli

A

exteroceptors

72
Q

detect internal stimuli

A

interoceptors

73
Q

sense body position and movements

A

proprioceptors

74
Q

what is the one sense that can bypass the thalamus

A

SMELL

75
Q

where is CSF made

A

the choroid plexus

76
Q

anterior going toward the face

A

rostral

77
Q

posterior going toward the back of the head

A

caudal

78
Q

where is the pineal gland located

A

in the epithalamus

79
Q

where can you do a spinal tap without causing damage

A

below L2

80
Q

flows down the central canal

A

cerebral spinal fluid

81
Q

produce savory or meaty flavor (Japanese word meaning delicious flavor)

A

Umami

82
Q

motor center that relays inhibitory signals to thalamus and basal nuclei preventing unwanted body movement

A

substantia nigra

83
Q

stimulates the opening cation channels that allow the inflow of Na and Ca

A

cAMP

84
Q

the spinocerebellar tract is ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

ipsilateral

85
Q

what kind of information does the spinoreticular tract carry

A

ascending pain information

86
Q

Receive somatic sensory information

send signals through medial lemniscus to thalamus

A

gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus

87
Q

connect cerebellum to pons and midbrain

A

cerebellar peduncles

Biology 2401 (7 decks)

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