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Biology 2401 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Segment from Z disc to Z disc. Functional contractile unit of muscle fiber

A

Sacromere

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2
Q

What is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Calcium

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3
Q

What is the cell membrane of a muscle fiber called

A

Sarcolemma

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4
Q

What are the components of a triad

A

a T tubule and two Terminal Cisterns

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5
Q

Thick filaments are found in ____ and are made of proteins called ____

A
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6
Q

Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

A

Sarcolemma

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7
Q

Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

A

Saroplasm

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8
Q

Long protein bundles that occupy the main portion of the sarcoplasm

A

Myofibrils

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9
Q

Stores oxygen needed for muscle activity

A

Myoglobin

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10
Q

stored in abundance to provide energy with heightened exercise

A

Glycogen

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11
Q

When a muscle fiber is at rest, ________ molecules cover the myosin binding site.

A

Troponin-tropomyosin

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12
Q

How can actin’s active sites become exposed so that myosin can bind to actin?

A

Calcium binds to troponin (triggers cross-bridge cycling) and moves troponin and tropomyosin out of the way so that myosin heads can bind to the myosin binding sites. Myosin strand then pulls on actin strand to contract the muscle fiber.

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13
Q

What is the neurotransmitter that is released from motor neurons that will activate skeletal muscle?

A

Acetylcholin (ACh)

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14
Q

This neurotransmitter will open channels in the muscle fiber that allow ____ into the cell

A

Sodium

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15
Q

Used to eliminate acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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16
Q

What are the energy sources for ATP

A

Oxygen and organic energy sources (glucose and fatty acids)

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17
Q

What is ATP used for

A

For relaxation of muscle and muscle contraction

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18
Q

____ and ____ maintain internal coordination/ homeostasis

A

Endocrine and Nervous

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19
Q

Communicates by means of chemical messengers (hormones) secreted into the blood

A

Endocrine system

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20
Q

Employs electrical and chemical means to send messages from cell to cell

A

Nervous system

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21
Q

Brain and spinal cord

enclosed by cranium and vertebral column

A

Central nervous system CNS

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22
Q

All components of the NS outside of brain and spinal cord

A

PNS peripheral nervous system

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23
Q

A bundle of Axons originating and ending in similar locations

A

tract

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24
Q

Tract is located in the ___ nervous system

A

Central

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25
Q

A collection of cell bodies or somata located within the CNS

A

Nuclei

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26
Q

A bundle of axons wrapped in fibrous connective tissue

A

Nerve

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27
Q

A knot like swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies are concentrated ( a collection of cell bodies or somata located outside of the CNS)

A

Ganglion

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28
Q

Sensory is

A

afferent

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29
Q

Motor is

A

efferent

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30
Q

the control and metabolic center of the neuron (cell body)

A

Soma

31
Q

vast number of branches coming from a few thick branches from the soma

A

dendrites

32
Q

primary site for receiving signals from other neurons

A

dendrites

33
Q

Originates on one side of the soma called the axon hillock

A

axon (nerve fiber)

34
Q

Branches of axon

A

axon collateral

35
Q

Terminal button– little swelling that forms a junction (synapse) with the next cell

A

Synaptic knob

36
Q

Contains neurotransmitter such as acetylcholine

A

Synaptic vessicles

37
Q

Movement down the axon away from the soma

A

Anterograde transport

38
Q

Movement up toward the soma

A

Retrograde transport

39
Q

Motor proteins used in anterograde transport

A

Kinesin

40
Q

Motor proteins used in retrograde transport

A

Dynein

41
Q

What are the four structural classifications of neurons

A

Multipolar
Unipolar
Bipolar
Anaxonic

42
Q

Which is the most common structure of neurons

A

Multipolar

43
Q

What are the three functional classes of neurons

A

Sensory
Motor
Interneuron

44
Q

Begin in almost every organ and end in CNS

Unipolar

A

Sensory

45
Q

Carry out integrative function

A

Interneurons

46
Q

Process, store and receive information that determine how the body will respond to stimuli

A

Interneuron

47
Q

All are multipolar.
Send signals out to muscles and glands
Most of them lead to muscles

A

Motor (efferent)

48
Q

Sends signals to CNS

A

sensory

49
Q

Sends signals from CNS

A

Motor

50
Q

Contain both sensory and motor neurons

A

Mixed nerves

51
Q

Are there more neurons than neuroglial cells

A

No

52
Q

Types of Neuroglia or glial cells in the CNS

A

Microglia
Ependymal cells
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes

“MEAO” like a cat

53
Q

Form myelin sheaths for CNS and provide insulation

A

Oligodendrocytes

54
Q

Secrets and circulates Cerebral spinal fluid

Line internal cavities of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord

A

Ependymal cells

55
Q

Wander in search of cellular debris to phagocytize

A

Microglia

56
Q

Most abundant cell in CNS

Form a tight seal called the blood brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

57
Q

Produce a myelin sheath in the PNS

Assist in regeneration of damaged fibers

A

Schwann cell or Neurolemmocytes

58
Q

Surround the neurosomas in ganglia of the PNS

Provide electrical insulation and regulate chemical environment around the soma

A

Satellite cells

59
Q

Where do action potentials begin?

A

In the trigger zone

60
Q

Body movement occurs at joints

A

Articulations

61
Q

Determines direction and distance of movement (range of motion)

A

Joint structure

62
Q

Angular motion
anterior- posterior plane
Reduces angle between elements

A

Flexion

63
Q

Angular motion
Anterior posterior plane
Increases angle between elements

A

Extension

64
Q

Moves away from longitudinal axis

A

Abduction

65
Q

Moves toward longitudinal axis

A

Adduction

66
Q

circular motion without rotation

A

circumduction

67
Q

rotates forearm, radius over ulna

A

pronation

68
Q

forearm in anatomical position

A

supination

69
Q

Twists sole of foot medially

A

Inversion

70
Q

Twist sole of foot laterally

A

Eversion

71
Q

Flexion at ankle

A

Dorsiflexion

72
Q

Extension at ankle (pointing toes)

A

plantar flexion

73
Q

What are the three functional classifications of neurons

A

Sensory
Motor
Interneuron

Biology 2401 (7 decks)

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