Exam 2 Flashcards by Lauren Ramirez

What are the different types of general tissue

Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle, Nervous

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What is the function of epithelial tissue

Protection, Glandular Secretion, Controls permeability, and provides sensation

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What are the different types of connective tissue

CT proper, Fluid CT, Supportive CT

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What are the different CT proper

Loose and dense

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What are the different kind of Loose CT

Areolar, Adipose, Reticular

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What are the different types of Dense tissue

regular and irregular

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What are the two types of fluid CT

Blood and lymph

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What are the two types of Supportive CT

Cartilage and Bone

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What are the three types of Cartilage

Hyaline Elastic and Fibrocartilage

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What is the strongest type of cartilage

Fibrocartilage

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What are the different structural attachments that epithelial cells can use to hold onto each other…

CAMS cell adhesion modules/ Intracellular cement
Desmosomes/ Hemidesmosomes
Gap junctions/ Tight Junctions
Adhesion belts/ Occluding junctions

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What are the three different types of glandular secretions

Holocrine, Apocrine, and Merocrine

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What causes goose bumps

Arrector pili

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What different cells are found in Areolar tissue

Macrophages
Mesenchymal 
Adipocytes 
Fibroblast
Mast 
Lymphocyte 
Plasmocyte

FLAPMMM. OR FLAPM^3

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Where do you find Dense regular CT

Tendons

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Where do you find Dense irregular CT

Deep skin layer

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What are the four membrane types

Mucous
Cutaneous
Serous
Synovial

My Cut is Stupid Serous

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What type of membrane is the skin

Cutaneous

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What type of membrane lines external opening

Mucous

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What type of membrane lines body cavities

Woah that serious! Serous

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What type of membrane lines joints

Synovial

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Who makes the CT matrix

Fibroblast

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What does the Ct matrix consist of

Protein fibers and ground substance

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What are the different types of ground substance

Crystaline
Gel like
Watery

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How is Merocrine secretion released

``` By vesicles (exocytosis) Salivary gland and sweat gland ```

How is Apocrine secretion released

By shedding cytoplasm | Breaks down at the apical surface (breast feeding)

How is Holocrine secretion released

The "HOL" cell burst ex sebaceous gland (hair oil)

Is cartilage vascular or avascular

AVASCULAR

Bone is vascular true or false

TRUE

What are the layers of the epidermis from top to bottom

``` Stratum Coreum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basale ```

What are the general functions of the integumentary system

``` Protection Sensation Thermoregulation Vitamin D synthesis Transdermal Absorbtion ```

Which layer of the epidermis is found only in thick skin

Stratum Lucidum

What are the layers of the dermis

Epidermis, Dermis and Hypodermis

If you cut parallel to the lines of cleavage will you get a scar

If you cut perpendicular to the lines of cleavage will you get a scar

yes

What are the five cell types found in the epidermis

``` Stem cells (give rise to keratinocytes) Keratinocytes Melanocytes Tactile cells Dendritic cells ```

What do Dendritic cells do

Macrophages that Guard against pathogens Stand guard against toxins microbes and other pathogens that try to penetrate skin Dendritic cells DEAL with bad stuff

What two types of tissue are in the dermis

Areolar tissue and Dense irregular tissue (Papillary and Reticular)

The papillary layer is

Areolar tissue

The Reticular layer is

Dense irregular tissue

What are the accessory structures of the integumentary system

Hair nails and cutaneous glands

What are the three types of skin cancer

Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma

Which is the most dangerous of the three skin cancers

Malignant melanoma

First degree burn means

it has involved damage the epidermis

A second degree burn means

It has damaged the epidermis and some of the dermis

A third degree burn means

The epidermis and all of the dermis has been damaged and has reached deeper tissue like muscle or even bone

What is step 1 to the repair of the integument after a cut

Bleeding occurs at the site immediately and mast cells trigger an inflammatory response.

What is step 2 to the repair of the integument after a cut

A scab has formed Clotting around the edges partially isolate the region Phagocytic cells remove debris

What is step 3 to the repair of the integument after a cut

One week after the injury the scab has been undermined by epidermal cells produced by fibroblast Phagocytic activity has almost ended The fibrin clot is disintegrating

What is step 4 to the repair of the integument after a cut

The scab has been shed The epidermis is complete The fibroblast will continue to make scar tissue

What are the functions of the skeletal system

Support Blood formation and Protection

Holds bones together at the joints

Ligaments | ligaments like bones

Attaches muscle to bone

Tendons (tend to like muscle)

What are the four cell types found in bone

Osteoprogenitor cells Osteoblast Osteoclast Osteocytes

Maintain bone matrix

Osteocytes

Resorb bone

Osteoclast

Make new bone matrix

Osteoblast

Stem cells that become osteoblast

Osteogenic or Osteoprogenitor cells

What is the most mature form of a bone cell

Osteocyte

What hormone is released when calcium blood levels are low

PTH ---- Parathyroid Hormone

This hormone is a form of Vitamin D that is produced by the body (skin liver and kidneys)

Calcitriol

This hormone is secreted by C cells or thyroid gland when calcium blood levels are too high

Calcitonin

Osteoclast activity is inhibited and osteoblast activity is stimulated with which horomone

Calcitonin

Which lamella is associated with an osteon

concentric lamella

What kind of matrix do you find in bone

Collagen fibers and crystaline substance

Which cell is activated by PTH

Osteoclast

Which vitamin Helps with calcium absorption

Vitamin D

Where is calcitonin produced

thyroid gland

Absorbs UV radiation

Melanin

Produces heparin and histomine

Mast cells

Where is the primary ossification center

Diaphysis

Makes up the finger prints

Epidermal ridge and Dermal papilla

3 types of muscle

smooth, skeletal, and cardiac

6 classifications of bone

Flat, short, sesamoid, irregular, long, sutural

What is found in an epiphyseal plate

cartilage

Making the bone thicker is

Appositional growth