Exam 3 terms Flashcards
Belief held by Mesmer and contemporaries that living organisms were influenced by magnetic forces and that cures for illness could result from the proper use of magnets.
Animal Magnetism
For Lewin, a situation in which a conflict exists with a person, resulting from having to make a choice between a two goals with a positive valence
Approach-approach conflict
For Lewin, a situation in which a conflict exists within a person, occurring when a goal elicits both approach and avoidance tendencies
Approach-Avoidance conflict
For Lewin, a situation in which a conflict exists within a person, resulting from having to make a choice between two goals with a negative valence
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
Watson’s 1913 paper that argued for a behaviorist approach to psychology
Behaviorist manifesto
Medical technique promoted Benjamin Rush; drawing blood was believed to relieve, among other things, mental disorders brought about by excessive tension in the circulatory system.
Bloodletting
For Allport, the most essential traits that characterize an individual
Cardinal Trait
For Allport, a set of traits that sum up an individual’s personality, aside from cardinal traits
Central Trait
In Freudian Psychoanalysis, an emotional release that occurs when one gains insight into unconscious origins of some problem: key part of the Anna O. case
Catharsis
For Miller, a meaningful unit of information; short-term memory capacity said to be7+2 bits of information.
Chunks
Humanistic approach to psychotherapy created by Rogers; it assumed that responsibility for the therapeutic change ultimately belonged to the client, whereas the therapist’s responsibility was to create an atmosphere conducive to such change
Client-centered therapy
In a theory proposed by Festinger, a state of cognitive discomfort resulting from the experience of holding two inconsistent thoughts simultaneously or behaving in a way that is inconsistent with one’s beliefs.
Cognitive Dissonance
For Tolman, a hypothetical spatial memory of a maze, acquired simply as a result of experiencing the maze (i.e. reinforcement not needed)
Cognitive Map
For Lewin, a process that occurs under stress, in which a person reverses the normal differentiation process and reverts to an earlier, more primitive way of behaving; similar to Freudian regression
Dedifferentiation
A procedure in researchon selective attention in which a person wearing headphones hears one messages in one ear and a second message in the other ear
Dichotic Listening
In cognitive psychology, research that is relevant for understanding everyday cognitive activities is said to have this
ecological validity
For Skinner, hypothetical constructs proposed as mediators between stimuli and responses that erroneously become used as explanations for behavioral phenomena
Explanatory fictions
In Pavlovian conditioning, the gradual elimination of a conditioned response following the repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus
Extinction
Associated with Lewin and Tolman; for Lewin derived from his belief that to understand behavior requires knowing about all the forces acting on a person at a particular time; for Tolman , reflected the extent to which his neobehaviorism was influenced by the gestaltists
Field Theory
Gestalt organizing principle stating that a fundamental perceptual tendency is to separate the whole figures from their background
figure-ground
As described by von Ehrenfels the overall quality of some entity (e.g. a melody, a square) that exists over and above its individual components (e.g. notes, lines)
Form-Quality
In Freudian, psychoanalysis, a procedure to probe the unconscious, in which patients describe whatever occurs to them without internal censorship
Free Association
Failure to solve a problem because of an inability to think using some object in a manner different from its normal function.
Functional Fixedness
The tendency for a response learned to one stimulus to occur after the presentation of a second stimulus similar to the first
Generalization
Piagetian psychology, which examined the manner in which knowledge developed within the individual
Genetic Epistemology
For Hull, an intervening variable influencing behavior that was a direct function of the number of reinforced trials.
Habit Strength
Tendency for the performance of subjects in an experiment to be influenced by their knowledge that they are under observation; based on the Hawthorne studies.
Hawthorne Effect
Movement pioneered by rogers, Maslow, and others as a reaction to the deterministic assumptions of behaviorism and psychoanalysis; assumed that humans are characterized by free will, a search for meaning and the potential for self-actualization.
Humanistic Psychology
State of heightened suggestibility, pioneered by Memer, Elliotson, and named by Braid
Hypnotism
Disorder in which a number of symptoms indicate neurological damage but no such damage exists
Hysteria
A research tradition emphasizing an in-depth analysis of individual cases; also examines differences from one individual to another; contrasted with a nomothetic strategy,
Idiographic
For the gestaltist, a sudden problem solution that occurred when the individual reorganized the elements of the problem situation into a new configuration
Insight
Used by Tolman and Hull; referred to hypothesis internal factors that intervened between stimulus and response.
Intervening Variables
For Tolman, learning that occurred but was not reflected in an animal’s performance.
Latent Learning
Surgical procedure pioneering by Moniz in the 1930s that involves severing connections between the cortex and lower brain centers ; originally designed to treat severe mental illness but abandoned when found to be of marginal effectiveness and often abused
Lobotomy
For Tolman, broad patterns of behavior that were goal directed, in contrast with the molecular behavior that was the result of a reductionist model of behavior.
Molar Behavior
A research strategy that focuses on discovering general principles that apply, to a calibrated degree, to all individuals ; contrasted with an idiographic strategy
Nomothetic approach
Skinnerian conditioning in which a behavior occurs and the immediate consequences of the behavior determine its future probability of occurrence.
Operant conditioning
A definition in terms of a specific, observable set of operations more generally, defining scientific terms with precision
Operational definition
Wertheimer’s term for apparent motion , chosen to avoid the connotation that “apparent” motion was not really perceived, but was illusory.
Phi Phenomenon
Gestalt organizing principle of perception, a tendency for our perceptions to mirror reality as closely as possible
Pragnanz
Technique of gradually and systematically relaxing major muscle groups ; pioneered by jacobson and used by wolpe in systematic desensitization
Progressive Relaxation
For Tolman, this referred to goal-directedness and was believed by him to be a unviersal feature of learned behavior
Purposiveness
Specification of the relationship between the number or pattern of responses and the delivery of reinforcers, whenever reinforcement does not follow each behavior.
Schedules of Reinforcement
Term used both by Piaget and Bartlett to refer to hypothetical mental structures that represent knowledge.
Schemata
Training model for PhD in clinical psychology that emphasizes a research dissertation; also called the Boulder Model
Scientist-practitioner model
Freud’s original belief that hysteria originated from actual childhood sexual abuse
Seduction hypothesis
For humanistic psychologists, a state in which people have reached their full potential
Self-actualization
Watson’s definition of thinking
sub-vocal speech
Behavior therapy procedure in which fear response is replaced by an incompatible response; pioneered by jones and Wolpe who named it
Systematic Desensitization
The feedback unit to replace reflex arc proposed by miller, Galanter, and Pribram, and influenced by development cybernetics
TOTE Unit
In Freudian psychoanalysis, occurs when the patient develops a strong emotional attachment to the therapist
Transference
Increased recall of information that stands out in some manner from other to-be-learned information
Von Restorff Effect
Named for student of Lewin, refers to a tendency to be more likely to recall unfinished tasks than finished tasks.
Zeigarnik Effect
This model asserts that human memory has three separate components, a sensory register, short-term store, and a long-term store
Atkinson & Shiffrin Model
This conference answered the long‐standing call for a standardized training model for professional psychology. The scientist–practitioner model is arguably the most influential result of this conference.
The Boulder Conference
Pavlovian conditioning-a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.
Classical Conditioning
In which the brain operates at an unconscious level and help ward off unpleasant feelings (i.e., anxiety) or make good things feel better for the individual.
Defense Mechanism
the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Discrimination
the part of the mind in which innate instinctive impulses and primary processes are manifest.Freudian idea
id
the part of the mind that mediates between the conscious and the unconscious and is responsible for reality testing and a sense of personal identity.
Ego
the part of a person’s mind that acts as a self-critical conscience, reflecting social standards learned from parents and teachers.
Superego
the idea that perception and the underlying physiological representation are similar because of related Gestalt qualities.
isomorphism
one of the most highly cited papers in psychology. It was published in 1956 in Psychological Review by the cognitive psychologist George A. Miller of Princeton University’s Department of Psychology. It is often interpreted to argue that the number of objects an average human can hold in working memory is 7 ± 2. This is frequently referred to as Miller’s law.
Magic #7
Freud believed this to be the actual literal subject matter of the dream
Manifest Content
Freud believed this to be the hidden psychological meaning of the dream.
latent content
behavior described in small response units rather than larger ones; a specific response.
Molecular Behavior
Pavlovian idea. a reflex aroused by a stored-up impression of memory, such as the secretion of saliva at the sight or thought of good-tasting food.
Psychic Reflex
Freud developed method for treating mental illness. Involved talk therapy
Psychoanalysis
The idea that that human beings, from birth, possess an instinctual libido (sexual energy) that develops in five stages.
Psychosexual development
This is a behavioral term that refers to gradually molding or training an organism to perform a specific response (behavior) by reinforcing any responses that are similar to the desired response.
Shaping
a theory of personality based on biological factors, arguing that individuals inherit a type of nervous system that affects their ability to learn and adapt to the environment.
The Eysenck Experiment
Preforation of a person’s skull used to let the “pressure on the brain” our back in the day when they thought that was the route of mental illness
trepanning
This conference had the effect of legitimizing the “scholar‐practitioner” model of professional training in psychology.
The Vail Conference
The utopian novel by B.F. Skinner where he showcased his understanding of behaviorism
Walden Two
That funky table/share that people were put in and spinned around to alleviate their overt symptoms
Whirling Cure
splits primary memory into multiple components, rather than considering it to be a single, unified construct.
Working Memory Model
a place in England for the treatment of people with mental health needs. The quaker hospital that treated people kindly.
York Retreat
