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History and Systems of Psychology > Exam 3 terms > Flashcards

Exam 3 terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Belief held by Mesmer and contemporaries that living organisms were influenced by magnetic forces and that cures for illness could result from the proper use of magnets.

A

Animal Magnetism

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2
Q

For Lewin, a situation in which a conflict exists with a person, resulting from having to make a choice between a two goals with a positive valence

A

Approach-approach conflict

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3
Q

For Lewin, a situation in which a conflict exists within a person, occurring when a goal elicits both approach and avoidance tendencies

A

Approach-Avoidance conflict

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4
Q

For Lewin, a situation in which a conflict exists within a person, resulting from having to make a choice between two goals with a negative valence

A

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

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5
Q

Watson’s 1913 paper that argued for a behaviorist approach to psychology

A

Behaviorist manifesto

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6
Q

Medical technique promoted Benjamin Rush; drawing blood was believed to relieve, among other things, mental disorders brought about by excessive tension in the circulatory system.

A

Bloodletting

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7
Q

For Allport, the most essential traits that characterize an individual

A

Cardinal Trait

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8
Q

For Allport, a set of traits that sum up an individual’s personality, aside from cardinal traits

A

Central Trait

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9
Q

In Freudian Psychoanalysis, an emotional release that occurs when one gains insight into unconscious origins of some problem: key part of the Anna O. case

A

Catharsis

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10
Q

For Miller, a meaningful unit of information; short-term memory capacity said to be7+2 bits of information.

A

Chunks

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11
Q

Humanistic approach to psychotherapy created by Rogers; it assumed that responsibility for the therapeutic change ultimately belonged to the client, whereas the therapist’s responsibility was to create an atmosphere conducive to such change

A

Client-centered therapy

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12
Q

In a theory proposed by Festinger, a state of cognitive discomfort resulting from the experience of holding two inconsistent thoughts simultaneously or behaving in a way that is inconsistent with one’s beliefs.

A

Cognitive Dissonance

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13
Q

For Tolman, a hypothetical spatial memory of a maze, acquired simply as a result of experiencing the maze (i.e. reinforcement not needed)

A

Cognitive Map

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14
Q

For Lewin, a process that occurs under stress, in which a person reverses the normal differentiation process and reverts to an earlier, more primitive way of behaving; similar to Freudian regression

A

Dedifferentiation

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15
Q

A procedure in researchon selective attention in which a person wearing headphones hears one messages in one ear and a second message in the other ear

A

Dichotic Listening

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16
Q

In cognitive psychology, research that is relevant for understanding everyday cognitive activities is said to have this

A

ecological validity

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17
Q

For Skinner, hypothetical constructs proposed as mediators between stimuli and responses that erroneously become used as explanations for behavioral phenomena

A

Explanatory fictions

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18
Q

In Pavlovian conditioning, the gradual elimination of a conditioned response following the repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus

A

Extinction

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19
Q

Associated with Lewin and Tolman; for Lewin derived from his belief that to understand behavior requires knowing about all the forces acting on a person at a particular time; for Tolman , reflected the extent to which his neobehaviorism was influenced by the gestaltists

A

Field Theory

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20
Q

Gestalt organizing principle stating that a fundamental perceptual tendency is to separate the whole figures from their background

A

figure-ground

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21
Q

As described by von Ehrenfels the overall quality of some entity (e.g. a melody, a square) that exists over and above its individual components (e.g. notes, lines)

A

Form-Quality

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22
Q

In Freudian, psychoanalysis, a procedure to probe the unconscious, in which patients describe whatever occurs to them without internal censorship

A

Free Association

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23
Q

Failure to solve a problem because of an inability to think using some object in a manner different from its normal function.

A

Functional Fixedness

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24
Q

The tendency for a response learned to one stimulus to occur after the presentation of a second stimulus similar to the first

A

Generalization

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25
Q

Piagetian psychology, which examined the manner in which knowledge developed within the individual

A

Genetic Epistemology

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26
Q

For Hull, an intervening variable influencing behavior that was a direct function of the number of reinforced trials.

A

Habit Strength

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27
Q

Tendency for the performance of subjects in an experiment to be influenced by their knowledge that they are under observation; based on the Hawthorne studies.

A

Hawthorne Effect

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28
Q

Movement pioneered by rogers, Maslow, and others as a reaction to the deterministic assumptions of behaviorism and psychoanalysis; assumed that humans are characterized by free will, a search for meaning and the potential for self-actualization.

A

Humanistic Psychology

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29
Q

State of heightened suggestibility, pioneered by Memer, Elliotson, and named by Braid

A

Hypnotism

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30
Q

Disorder in which a number of symptoms indicate neurological damage but no such damage exists

A

Hysteria

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31
Q

A research tradition emphasizing an in-depth analysis of individual cases; also examines differences from one individual to another; contrasted with a nomothetic strategy,

A

Idiographic

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32
Q

For the gestaltist, a sudden problem solution that occurred when the individual reorganized the elements of the problem situation into a new configuration

A

Insight

33
Q

Used by Tolman and Hull; referred to hypothesis internal factors that intervened between stimulus and response.

A

Intervening Variables

34
Q

For Tolman, learning that occurred but was not reflected in an animal’s performance.

A

Latent Learning

35
Q

Surgical procedure pioneering by Moniz in the 1930s that involves severing connections between the cortex and lower brain centers ; originally designed to treat severe mental illness but abandoned when found to be of marginal effectiveness and often abused

A

Lobotomy

36
Q

For Tolman, broad patterns of behavior that were goal directed, in contrast with the molecular behavior that was the result of a reductionist model of behavior.

A

Molar Behavior

37
Q

A research strategy that focuses on discovering general principles that apply, to a calibrated degree, to all individuals ; contrasted with an idiographic strategy

A

Nomothetic approach

38
Q

Skinnerian conditioning in which a behavior occurs and the immediate consequences of the behavior determine its future probability of occurrence.

A

Operant conditioning

39
Q

A definition in terms of a specific, observable set of operations more generally, defining scientific terms with precision

A

Operational definition

40
Q

Wertheimer’s term for apparent motion , chosen to avoid the connotation that “apparent” motion was not really perceived, but was illusory.

A

Phi Phenomenon

41
Q

Gestalt organizing principle of perception, a tendency for our perceptions to mirror reality as closely as possible

A

Pragnanz

42
Q

Technique of gradually and systematically relaxing major muscle groups ; pioneered by jacobson and used by wolpe in systematic desensitization

A

Progressive Relaxation

43
Q

For Tolman, this referred to goal-directedness and was believed by him to be a unviersal feature of learned behavior

A

Purposiveness

44
Q

Specification of the relationship between the number or pattern of responses and the delivery of reinforcers, whenever reinforcement does not follow each behavior.

A

Schedules of Reinforcement

45
Q

Term used both by Piaget and Bartlett to refer to hypothetical mental structures that represent knowledge.

A

Schemata

46
Q

Training model for PhD in clinical psychology that emphasizes a research dissertation; also called the Boulder Model

A

Scientist-practitioner model

47
Q

Freud’s original belief that hysteria originated from actual childhood sexual abuse

A

Seduction hypothesis

48
Q

For humanistic psychologists, a state in which people have reached their full potential

A

Self-actualization

49
Q

Watson’s definition of thinking

A

sub-vocal speech

50
Q

Behavior therapy procedure in which fear response is replaced by an incompatible response; pioneered by jones and Wolpe who named it

A

Systematic Desensitization

51
Q

The feedback unit to replace reflex arc proposed by miller, Galanter, and Pribram, and influenced by development cybernetics

A

TOTE Unit

52
Q

In Freudian psychoanalysis, occurs when the patient develops a strong emotional attachment to the therapist

A

Transference

53
Q

Increased recall of information that stands out in some manner from other to-be-learned information

A

Von Restorff Effect

54
Q

Named for student of Lewin, refers to a tendency to be more likely to recall unfinished tasks than finished tasks.

A

Zeigarnik Effect

55
Q

This model asserts that human memory has three separate components, a sensory register, short-term store, and a long-term store

A

Atkinson & Shiffrin Model

56
Q

This conference answered the long‐standing call for a standardized training model for professional psychology. The scientist–practitioner model is arguably the most influential result of this conference.

A

The Boulder Conference

57
Q

Pavlovian conditioning-a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

A

Classical Conditioning

58
Q

In which the brain operates at an unconscious level and help ward off unpleasant feelings (i.e., anxiety) or make good things feel better for the individual.

A

Defense Mechanism

59
Q

the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus

A

Discrimination

60
Q

the part of the mind in which innate instinctive impulses and primary processes are manifest.Freudian idea

A

id

61
Q

the part of the mind that mediates between the conscious and the unconscious and is responsible for reality testing and a sense of personal identity.

A

Ego

62
Q

the part of a person’s mind that acts as a self-critical conscience, reflecting social standards learned from parents and teachers.

A

Superego

63
Q

the idea that perception and the underlying physiological representation are similar because of related Gestalt qualities.

A

isomorphism

64
Q

one of the most highly cited papers in psychology. It was published in 1956 in Psychological Review by the cognitive psychologist George A. Miller of Princeton University’s Department of Psychology. It is often interpreted to argue that the number of objects an average human can hold in working memory is 7 ± 2. This is frequently referred to as Miller’s law.

A

Magic #7

65
Q

Freud believed this to be the actual literal subject matter of the dream

A

Manifest Content

66
Q

Freud believed this to be the hidden psychological meaning of the dream.

A

latent content

67
Q

behavior described in small response units rather than larger ones; a specific response.

A

Molecular Behavior

68
Q

Pavlovian idea. a reflex aroused by a stored-up impression of memory, such as the secretion of saliva at the sight or thought of good-tasting food.

A

Psychic Reflex

69
Q

Freud developed method for treating mental illness. Involved talk therapy

A

Psychoanalysis

70
Q

The idea that that human beings, from birth, possess an instinctual libido (sexual energy) that develops in five stages.

A

Psychosexual development

71
Q

This is a behavioral term that refers to gradually molding or training an organism to perform a specific response (behavior) by reinforcing any responses that are similar to the desired response.

A

Shaping

72
Q

a theory of personality based on biological factors, arguing that individuals inherit a type of nervous system that affects their ability to learn and adapt to the environment.

A

The Eysenck Experiment

73
Q

Preforation of a person’s skull used to let the “pressure on the brain” our back in the day when they thought that was the route of mental illness

A

trepanning

74
Q

This conference had the effect of legitimizing the “scholar‐practitioner” model of professional training in psychology.

A

The Vail Conference

75
Q

The utopian novel by B.F. Skinner where he showcased his understanding of behaviorism

A

Walden Two

76
Q

That funky table/share that people were put in and spinned around to alleviate their overt symptoms

A

Whirling Cure

77
Q

splits primary memory into multiple components, rather than considering it to be a single, unified construct.

A

Working Memory Model

78
Q

a place in England for the treatment of people with mental health needs. The quaker hospital that treated people kindly.

A

York Retreat

History and Systems of Psychology (10 decks)

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