Exam 3 Review Flashcards
Contraction of muscle is characterized by
a. Lengthening of sarcomere
b. Shortening of the I band, while the A bands move closer together
c. Sliding of actin (thin) filaments toward the Z line (disc)
d. Inhibition of myosin actin interaction by tropomyosin
b. Shortening of the I band, while the A bands move closer together
Motor neurons stimulate skeletal muscle contraction by releasing ______ at the _____.
a. Calcium ions, motor end plate
b. Sodium ions, transverse (T) tubules
c. Acetylcholine, motor end plate
d. Tropomyosin, Z line of the sarcomere
c. Acetylcholine, motor end plate
Energizing (“cocking”) of the myosin head depends upon
a. ATPase activity of troponin
b. Removal of all sarcoplasmic calcium by the SERCA pump
c. Calcium binding to actin
d. Myosin-induced hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + Pi
d. Myosin-induced hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + Pi
What is NOT the correct order of events during excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle?
a. Activation of T tubule calcium channels (DHP receptors), opening of sarcoplasmic reticulum (s.r.) calcium channels (ryanodine receptors)
b. Release of acetylcholine, opening of ligand-gated sodium channels
c. Reuptake of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, binding of calcium to tropomyosin
d. Release of calcium into the sarcoplasm, binding of calcium to troponin
c. Reuptake of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, binding of calcium to tropomyosin
As the load against which a muscle is contracting get larger
a. The velocity of shortening gets slower
b. The contraction approaches isometric
c. The strength of contraction must increase in order to lift the load
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Strength of contraction of a SINGLE muscle fiber can be increased by
a. Decreased frequency of electrical stimulation
b. Increased frequency of electrical stimulation, up to the point of tetany
c. Pre-stretching the fiber to over twice its resting length
d. Nothing – strength of contraction is all-or-none
d. Nothing – strength of contraction is all-or-none
When a motor neuron fires
a. All the muscle fibers in that neuron’s motor unit will contract together
b. The entire muscle tissue (i.e. all that muscle’s myofibers) will contract together
c. Only extracellular calcium will be important
d. Only fast twitch fibers will respond
a. All the muscle fibers in that neuron’s motor unit will contract together
At a low-medium intensity of exercise of long duration, the generation of most of the ATP support muscle contraction is mainly derived from
a. Muscle pools of ATP and phosphocreatine
b. Oxidation of fatty acids
c. Fermentation of glucose
d. Breakdown of muscle glycogen
b. Oxidation of fatty acids
Blood is
a. Mostly water
b. Plasma and formed elements (cells and cell fragments)
c. A fluid which transports gases, nutrients and waste materials through the circulatory system
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Total blood volume in an adult human is about
a. 5.5 liters
b. 120 mmHg
c. 5.5 mg/liter
d. 55 liters
a. 5.5 liters
Your friend goes to visit Denver (about a mile above sea level) for a month. His levels of erythropoietin and his hematocrit would be
a. Unaffected
b. Elevated
c. Decreased
d. Dependent on thrombin activity
b. Elevated
In response to bleeding from a damaged blood vessel, the first event in clot formation is
a. Stimulation of nitric oxide release
b. Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
c. Recruitment and sticking of platelets
d. Breakdown of fibrin by plasminogen
c. Recruitment and sticking of platelets
During ventricular contraction and ejection of blood,
a. Both atrioventricular (AV) and semilunar valves are open
b. AV valves are closed but the chordae tendenae are loosely flapping all around
c. AV valves are closed and semilunar valves are open
d. Left AV and semilunar valves are open, while right AV and semilunar valves are closed
c. AV valves are closed and semilunar valves are open
During diastole
a. Ventricular filling is initially passive and rapid
b. Ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure
c. Ventricular volume starts out as zero, i.e. all blood from the previous cycle has been ejected
d. Ventricular pressure exceeds venous pressure
a. Ventricular filling is initially passive and rapid
In a given cycle, cardiac electrical excitation begins in _____ and culminates in stimulation of _____ by signals from _____.
a. AV node, ventricular contraction, atrial pressure waves
b. SA node, ventricular contraction, Purkinje fibers
c. SA node, both atrial and ventricular contraction, both right and left bundle branches
d. SA node, P wave, the QRS complex
b. SA node, ventricular contraction, Purkinje fibers
If venous return to the heart increases,
a. Ventricular and diastolic volume (EDV, or preload) is unaffected
b. Stretch of the ventricular muscle and therefore contractility are increased
c. Stroke volume decreases
d. End systolic volume increases
b. Stretch of the ventricular muscle and therefore contractility are increased
Under normal conditions, what prevents cardiac muscle from being subject to tetany?
a. Duration of action potentials in contractile fibers is similar to duration of contraction
b. Action potentials are reversed by opening of potassium channels
c. Inhibition of calcium channels (ryanodine receptors) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
d. The conduction delay through the atrioventricular (AV) node
a. Duration of action potentials in contractile fibers is similar to duration of contraction
The pulmonary circulation
a. Is a low pressure, low flow system
b. Gets only about 40% of cardiac output
c. Is a low pressure, high flow system
d. None of the above
c. Is a low pressure, high flow system
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure in the aorta (i.e. the pule pressure) is significantly less than the difference between left ventricular systolic and diastolic pressures due to
a. Elastic recoil of the aorta during diastole
b. Fluid leakage out of capillaries with discontinuous endothelium
c. The pressure being dampened out of the more compliant veins
d. Backwards flow from the venous system
a. Elastic recoil of the aorta during diastole
Filtration of fluid from capillaries is favored by _____, while reabsorption is favored by _____
a. High plasma oncotic pressure, high capillary hydrostatic pressure
b. Low capillary oncotic pressure, high capillary hydrostatic pressure
c. Very low plasma albumin concentration, low tissue (i.e. extra-vascular) hydrostatic pressure
d. High capillary hydrostatic pressure, high capillary oncotic pressure
d. High capillary hydrostatic pressure, high capillary oncotic pressure
Under normal conditions, the MOST important factor opposing blood flow is
a. The driving pressure created by the contracting ventricles of the heart
b. Dilation of arterioles in response to sympathetic stimulation
c. Resistance to flow, mainly determined by arteriolar diameter
d. Variable length of blood vessels
c. Resistance to flow, mainly determined by arteriolar diameter
Cardiac output is
a. The product of stroke volume and heart rate
b. Increased during exercise
c. Decreased by increasing peripheral resistance
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Increased venous return
a. Can increase stroke volume but not contractility
b. Will increase both end diastolic volume and stroke volume
c. Is not possible unless in a “fight or flight” situation
d. Results when right atrial pressure exceeds venous pressure
b. Will increase both end diastolic volume and stroke volume
An immediate effect of severe blood loss would be
a. Increased venous return
b. Increased cardiac output
c. Decreased cardiac output
d. Increased blood pressure
c. Decreased cardiac output