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Physiology (MPP 3202) > Ch. 2 Chemical Composition of the Body > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Chemical Composition of the Body Flashcards

1
Q

Molecules bond because they don’t like to be ____.

A

Unpaired

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2
Q

Unpaired electrons are called ____ ____.

A

Free radicals

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3
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

Share a pair of electrons; require energy to break

Single, double, and triple bonds (triple covalent is about as molecularly strong as we’re going to get)

Polar (positive and negative end) versus non polar (no region of charge) molecules

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4
Q

Polar bond vs Nonpolar bond

A

Polar: charges aren’t evenly distributed, causing + and - ends

Nonpolar: not water soluble, no charge

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5
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Atoms gain or lose electrons from neighboring atoms

Opposite charges attract

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6
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Weak and partial

Water surface tension

Important in DNA structure

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7
Q

Van der Waals forces

A

Weak and nonspecific

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8
Q

Hydrogen bonding between adjacent molecules creates ____ ____.

A

Surface tension

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9
Q

Aqueous

A

Water-based

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10
Q

Solution

A

Solute dissolved in solvent ex: sweet tea.

Solute (sugar) dissolved in solvent (tea)

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11
Q

Solubility

A

Ease of dissolving

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12
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Dissolves in water, highly soluble

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13
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Does NOT dissolve in water (ex: oil and water), low solubility

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14
Q

pH

A

Measure of the concentration of free H+

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15
Q

Acid

A

Contributes to H+ solution

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16
Q

Buffer

A

moderates changes in pH in blood plasma, pH is stabilized by bicarbonate (HCO3-)

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17
Q

How do lungs and kidneys help to maintain pH?

A

Lungs maintain CO2 levels

Kidneys maintain bicarbonate levels

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18
Q

Humans function on the slightly ___ side of the pH scale.

A

Basic (7.35-7.45)

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19
Q

pH: What’s the Acidic range?

A

1-6

20
Q

pH: What number on the pH scale is Neutral?

A

7

21
Q

pH: What’s the Basic range?

A

8-14

22
Q

Carbohydrates (CHO)

A

Most abundant biomolecule; carbon + water

Monosaccharides (glucose)

Disaccharides (2 glucose)

Polysaccharides (many glucose)

23
Q

Why are CHOs important?

A

Cellular recognition and fuel source

24
Q

What is this structure?

A

a CHO

25
Q

What is this structure?

A

a Polysaccharide

26
Q

Lipids

A

Carbon and hydrogen (NO water)

Backbone of glycerol and 1-3 fatty acids

Nonpolar

Fats (animal, solid at room temperature)

Oil (plant, liquid at room temperature)

Saturation refers to double bonds

27
Q

Is this a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid?

A

Saturated

28
Q

Is this a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid?

A

Unsaturated (has double bonds where hydrogen has been lost)

29
Q

What is the backbone in a triglyceride?

A

Glycerol

30
Q

Lipid-Related Molecules: Eicosanoids

A

Important for regulating cell function

31
Q

Lipid-Related Molecules: Steroids

A

Cholesterol is the primary source of steroids in the human body

Need cholesterol for hormone signaling

32
Q

Lipid-Related Molecules: Phospholipids are important in ____ ____.

A

Cellular Structure

33
Q

What is this structure?

A

Phospholipid

34
Q

What is this structure?

A

A protein

35
Q

Discuss proteins

A

Made up of amino acid (AA) building blocks

Enzymes

Membrane transporters

Signal molecules

Receptors

Binding proteins

Immunoglobulins

Regulatory proteins

36
Q

What is this structure?

A

Peptide bond

37
Q

What type of protein structure is this?

A

Primary

38
Q

What type of protein structure is this?

A

Secondary structure (alpha helix)

39
Q

What type of protein structure is this?

A

Secondary (beta-pleated sheet)

40
Q

What type of protein structure is this?

A

Tertiary

41
Q

What type of protein structure is this?

A

Quaternary

42
Q

Secondary vs Tertiary vs Quaternary protein structures

A

Secondary: interactions happening in proximal parts of chain, starts to take shape

Tertiary: starting to fold back on itself to make intricate shapes

Quaternary: 2 different peptide chains came together to make a structure

43
Q

Issues with protein structure can lead to ____.

A

Disease (ex: resulting from protein folding incorrectly)

Complex structure = complex function

44
Q

What determines the shape/structure of proteins?

A

Hydrogen bonds are critical in determining structure/shape of proteins

45
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Important for DNA (chain of nucleic acids)

Important for ATP (cellular energy)

46
Q

What do these bases make up?

A

DNA

47
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

DNA contains:

deoxyribose

thymine

RNA contains:

ribose

uracil

Physiology (MPP 3202) (32 decks)

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