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Physiology (MPP 3202) > Ch. 9 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) > Flashcards

Ch. 9 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic Motor Neurons

A

Have cell bodies in spinal cord and just one neuron traveling from spinal cord to effector (neuromuscular junction = effector)

Controls skeletal muscle

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2
Q

Somatic motor neurons release only ____ which is always ____.

A

Acetylcholine (ACh); excitatory

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3
Q

The ANS has what 2 divisions?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions

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4
Q

The Autonomic motor system has 2 neurons in the PNS. Describe them.

A

The First has cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord and synapses in an Autonomic Ganglion.

The Second has cell bodies in the ganglion and synapses on the effector.

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5
Q

Autonomic neurons release mainly ____ and ____ and may be ____ or ____.

A

Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine

Excitatory or Inhibitory
–e.g. raise HR, lower HR

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6
Q

Autonomic Neurons

A

Innervate organs not under voluntary control

Effects include:

  • cardiac muscle
  • smooth muscle of visceral organs and blood vessels
  • glands

Part of PNS

Can stimulate or inhibit, depending on organ and receptors

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7
Q

Preganglionic Neurons

A

Originate in midbrain or hindbrain or from thoracic, lumbar, or sacral spinal cord

Autonomic Neurons

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8
Q

Postganglionic Neurons

A

Originate in ganglion

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9
Q

Where are Autonomic Ganglia located?

A

In head, neck, and abdomen as well as in chains on either side of the spinal cord

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10
Q

Sympathetic Division: Preganglionic Neurons

A

Come from thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord
–aka Thoracolumbar Division

Synapse in sympathetic ganglia that run parallel to spinal cord

  • -aka Paravertebral ganglia
  • -these ganglia are connected, forming a sympathetic chain of ganglia
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11
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Adrenal medulla secretes Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (lesser extent) when stimulated by the Sympathetic Nervous System; the adrenal medulla is innervated directly by preganglionic sympathetic neurons

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12
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A

Preganglionic neurons come from the brain or sacral region of the spinal cord (Craniosacral Division)

Synapse on ganglia located near or in effector organs; called terminal ganglia

Preganglionic neurons do not travel w/ somatic neurons (as sympathetic postganglionic neurons do)

Terminal ganglia supply very short postganglionic neurons to effectors

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13
Q

What are the 2 parasympathetic cranial nerves we need to know?

A

Oculomotor nerve (III) and Vagus nerve (X)

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14
Q

Oculomotor Nerve (III)

A

Motor nerve

Preganglionic fibers exit midbrain and synapse on the ciliary ganglion

Postganglionic fibers innervate the ciliary muscle of the eye
–regulate ciliary muscles of eye (vision)

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15
Q

Vagus Nerve (X)

A

Sensory and motor nerve (mixed nerve)

Preganglionic fibers exit medulla, branch into several plexi and nerves, and travel to ganglia w/in effector organs (heart, lungs, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, intestines)

Vagus controls basal HR (resting)

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16
Q

General Functions: Sympathetic

A

Activates body for “fight or flight” through release of Norepinephrine from Postganglionic neurons and secretion of Epinephrine (adrenaline) from Adrenal Medulla.

Prepares body for intense physical activity in emergencies by increasing HR and blood glucose levels and by diverting blood to skeletal muscles.

Regulates heart, blood vessels, and other organs.

17
Q

General Functions: Parasympathetic

A

Antagonist to sympathetic divison

Allows body to “rest and digest” through release of ACh (acetylcholine) from Postganglionic neurons

Slows HR and increases digestive activities

18
Q

The Sympathetic system is activated by what 2 receptors?

A

Alpha and Beta

19
Q

The Parasympathetic system is activated by what receptor?

A

Muscarinic

20
Q

Synaptic Transmission: Cholinergic

A

ACh is neurotransmitter used by ALL preganglionic neurons (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

It’s also the neurotransmitter released from MOST parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

SOME sympathetic postganglionic neurons (those that innervate sweat glands and skeletal muscle blood vessels) release ACh.

21
Q

Synaptic Transmission: Adrenergic

A

Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter released by MOST sympathetic postganglionic neurons

These synapses are called Adrenergic

*According to lecture, epinephrine can also be released in this transmission

22
Q

Varicosities

A

Axons of postganglionic neurons have various swellings called Varicosities that release neurotransmitter along the length of the axon

Sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons innervate the same tissues but release different neurotransmitters

*Not a true/classic synapse where it ends at target

23
Q

Adrenergic Stimulation

A

Can be epinephrine in blood or norepinephrine from sympathetic nerves

Can stimulate or inhibit, depending on receptors

24
Q

Adrenergic Stimulation: Stimulation

A

Heart, dilatory muscles of iris, smooth muscles of many blood vessels (causes vessel constriction)

*pretty much everything but skeletal muscle

25
Q

Adrenergic Stimulation: Inhibition

A

Bronchioles in lungs, other blood vessels; inhibits contraction and causes dilation of these structures

*inhibits particularly in skeletal muscle

26
Q

Adrenergic Receptors are only found in what system?

A

Sympathetic

27
Q

How many types of alpha receptors (Adrenergic) are there?

A

2 types:
Alpha 1
Alpha 2

28
Q

How many types of beta receptors (Adrenergic) are there?

A

2 types:
Beta 1
Beta 2

29
Q

Adrenergic Receptors: Alpha

A

More sensitive to norepinephrine

More sensitive to postganglionic neuron

30
Q

Adrenergic Receptors: Beta

A

More sensitive to blood epinephrine

Epinephrine from Adrenal Medulla; sensitive to circulating neurotransmitter

31
Q

Cholinergic Stimulation

A

ACh released from preganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic division is stimulatory

ACh from post ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division is usually stimulatory, but some are inhibitory, depending on receptors

*In general, sympathetic and parasympathetic effects are opposite

32
Q

What are the 2 types of Cholinergic Receptors?

A

Nicotinic and Muscarinic

33
Q

Cholinergic Receptors: Nicotinic

A

Found in autonomic ganglia

Stimulated by ACh from preganglionic neurons

Serves as ligand-gated ion channels for Na+ and K+

34
Q

Cholinergic Receptors: Muscarinic

A

Found in visceral organs

Stimulated by release of ACh from postganglionic neurons

Five types identified; can be stimulatory or inhibitory (opening K+ or Ca2+ channels)

35
Q

Organs w/ Dual Innervation

A

Most visceral organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons; the divisions most often oppose each other

  • -HR - sym increases, para decreases
  • -Digestive functions - sym decreases, para increases
  • -Pupil diameter - sym dilates, para constricts

Complementary effects occur when both divisions produce similar effects on the same target
–ex: Salivary gland secretion: Parasympathetic division stimulates secretion of watery saliva; sympathetic constricts blood vessels so secretion is thicker

36
Q

Organs w/o Dual Innervation

A

The following organs are innervated by the sympathetic division only:

  • Adrenal medulla
  • Arrector pili muscles in skin
  • Sweat glands in skin
  • Most blood vessels

Regulated by increase and decrease in sympathetic nerve activity

Important for body temperature regulation through blood vessels and sweat glands

Physiology (MPP 3202) (32 decks)

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