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Physiology (MPP 3202) > Ch. 5 Cell Respiration and Metabolism > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Cell Respiration and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

All of the reactions in the body that require energy transfer.

Anabolism
Catabolism

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2
Q

Anabolism

A

Requires the input of energy to synthesize large molecules

Building something up

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3
Q

Catabolism

A

Releases energy by breaking down large molecules into small molecules

Part of glycolysis

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4
Q

Describe how catabolism drives anabolism

A

The catabolic reactions that break down glucose, fatty acids, and AAs serve as energy sources for the anabolism of ATP.
–gives us energy so we can make ATP

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5
Q

The complete catabolism of glucose requires ____ as the final electron acceptor.

A

Oxygen

This is called Aerobic Cellular Respiration

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6
Q

Breaking down glucose requires many enzymatically catalyzed spots, the first of which are ____.

A

Anaerobic

–but to completely break down glucose, oxygen is necessary

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7
Q

Glycolysis

A

Conversion of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

–doesn’t require oxygen

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8
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Production of glycogen, mostly in skeletal muscles and the liver

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9
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Hydrolysis (breakdown) of glycogen

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10
Q

Ketogenesis

A

Formation of ketone bodies, from fatty acids; occurs in liver

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11
Q

Describe the 3 steps of aerobic respiration of glucose.

A

1) Glycolysis - occurs in cytoplasm; anaerobic
2) Citric acid (Krebs) cycle - occurs in matrix of mitochondria; aerobic
3) Electron transport - occurs on cristae of mitochondria inner membrane; aerobic

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12
Q

In which step of aerobic respiration of glucose are we going to get the most ATP?

A

Step 3

[3) Electron transport - occurs on cristae of mitochondria inner membrane; aerobic]

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13
Q

Glycolysis

A

First step in catabolism of glucose, occurs in cytoplasm of cell

Glucose is split into 2 pyruvic acid molecules
–pyruvic acid is a 3-carbon molecule, and we get 2 of those

There is a loss of 4 hydrogen ions. Those were used to reduce 2 molecules of NAD

Generate 4 ATP, use ATP…net gain of 2 ATP

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14
Q

What do I need to know about glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvic acid + 2 NADH + 2 ATP
–for balance we reduce NAD to get NADH

Out of glycolysis we get 2 pyruvic acid and 2 ATP

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15
Q

Describe the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid.

A

When there is no oxygen to complete the breakdown of glucose, NADH has to give its electrons to pyruvic acid. This results in the reformation of NAD and the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid

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16
Q

Lactic Acid Pathway yields a net gain of ____ ATP

A

2 ATP.

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17
Q

The Lactic Acid Pathway is also known as?

A

Anaerobic metabolism or Lactic acid fermentation

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18
Q

Muscle cells can survive for awhile without oxygen using what?

A

Lactic acid fermentation

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19
Q

RBCs can only use lactic acid fermentation because they lack ____.

A

Mitochondria

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20
Q

The citric acid cycle is step ____.

A

Step #2

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21
Q

The citric acid cycle is also known as?

A

Krebs cycle or TCA cycle

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22
Q

Describe the Citric Acid Cycle. Pay close attention to where ATP comes from (for exam).

A

Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid.
–fuel the cell w/ Acetyl CoA that we got from pyruvic acid; can go through cycle twice b/c we have 2 Acetyl CoA

Citric acid starts the citric acid cycle and ‘moves’ through a series of reactions to produce oxaloacetic acid again.
–happens once for every Acetyl CoA

Makes GTP, GTP gives us ADP –> ATP

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23
Q

Citric Acid Cycle: For each glucose, we have ____ NADH, ____ FADH2, ____ ATP, and ____ CO2.

A

6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP
4 CO2

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24
Q

Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

In the [inner membrane] folds or cristae of the mitochondria are molecules that serve as electron transporters.

  • -these accept electrons from NADH and FADH2 (from Krebs cycle). The hydrogens are not transported with the electrons.
  • -oxidized FAD and NAD are reused
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25
Q

The mitochondria has a double membrane meaning it is ____ ____.

A

Highly folded

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26
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

Electron transport molecules pass the electrons down a chain, with each being reduced then oxidized.

This is an exergonic reaction, and the energy produced is used to make ATP from ADP
–this process is called oxidative phosphorylation

Process is not 100%; difference is released as heat
–inefficient reaction b/c a lot of energy is lost/released as heat

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27
Q

Is oxidative phosphorylation aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Aerobic

28
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Intermembrane space of mitochondria folded in cristae increases surface area (SA) to fit large complexes.

Pumping hydrogen from the matrix into intermembrane space.

Hydrogen goes back down concentration gradient which allows for the production of ATP; recycle hydrogen and start pumping it back into intermembrane space again.

29
Q

What kind of poison is cyanide?

A

Mitochondria poison

30
Q

Oxygen

A

Final electron acceptor

Citric acid cycle and electron transport require oxygen to continue.

Water is formed

31
Q

ATP

A

Direct (substrate-level) phosphorylation in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle yields 4 ATP.

Theoretical ATP yield is 36-38 per glucose, but actual yield is 30-32 per glucose (energy needed to move ATP from mitochondria to cytoplasm)
–we get 2 ATP from pyruvic acid

32
Q

What happens (in terms of ATP) if the body is deprived of oxygen?

A

Pyruvic acid and lactic acid converted to ATP

33
Q

What happens (in terms of ATP) if the body has plenty of oxygen?

A

Pyruvic acid converted to Acetyl CoA

34
Q

What is the actual yield of ATP from oxidative phosphorylation?

A

26 or 28 ATP (theoretical yield is 32 or 34)

35
Q

Why can’t cells store much glucose?

A

Cells can’t store much glucose because it will pull water into the cell via osmosis

36
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Glucose is stored as larger molecule called glycogen (a polysaccharide) in the liver, skeletal muscles, and cardiac muscles.

Storing glucose as glycogen reduces the osmotic pull.

37
Q

Glycogen is formed from glucose via ____.

A

Glycogenesis

38
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

When the cell needs glucose, it breaks glycogen down.

Produces glucose 1-phosphate.

39
Q

What is the catalyst in glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

40
Q

When glucose from glycogen is in the form of glucose 1-phosphate, where does/can it go?

A

NOWHERE

It cannot leave muscles or heart cells (trapped there)

41
Q

How is glucose 1-phosphate finally able to move?

A

The LIVER has an enzyme called glucose 6-phosphate that removes the phosphate so glucose can reenter the bloodstream.

42
Q

What are liver cells called?

A

Hepatocytes

43
Q

Why is the liver important in glycogenolysis (besides having glucose 6-phosphate)?

A

The liver brings in glucose and stores some for itself, in addition to the excess glucose it also stores.

When the body needs glucose, the liver sends the excess glucose back out into the bloodstream for other organs to use.

44
Q

In the Cori Cycle, what is being recycled and where is it being recycled?

A

Lactic acid is being recycled; only being recycled in the liver.

That lactic acid then gets changed to pyruvic acid in order to help release glucose

45
Q

____ and ____ can also be used for energy via the same pathways used for the metabolism of pyruvic acid.

A

Lipids and Proteins

46
Q

When more food energy is taken into the body than is needed to meet energy demands, are we able to store ATP for later?

A

No

–we make ATP as we need it…it’s not a great storage form

47
Q

Because we can’t store ATP, what happens to glucose (in terms of lipid and protein metabolism)?

A

Glucose is converted to glycogen and fat, and ATP production is inhibited

48
Q

Lipid Metabolism

A

Glucose doesn’t complete glycolysis to form pyruvic acid, and Acetyl CoA (already formed) is joined together to produce a variety of lipids, including cholesterol, ketone bodies, and fatty acids.

49
Q

Lipogenesis

A

Fatty acids combine with glycerol to form triglycerides in the adipose tissue and liver
–making fatty acids, stored in fat tissue, in times of excess energy consumption

50
Q

Beta-oxidation

A

Enzymes remove acetic acid molecules from fatty acids to form Acetyl CoA
–break it down when needed

For every 2 carbons on the fatty acid chain, 1 Acetyl CoA is formed

Each Acetyl CoA yields 10 ATP

[This is how we use fatty acids as energy source]

51
Q

Why are steroids (come from cholesterol) important?

A

Important in endocrine (hormone) signaling

52
Q

Fatty acids (including triglycerides and phospholipids) are important in?

A

Membrane creation

53
Q

Proteins provide ____ for the body.

A

Nitrogen

54
Q

Amino Acid Metabolism

A

AA from dietary proteins are needed to replace proteins in the body.

If more AA are consumed than are needed, the excess AA can be used for energy or converted into CHO or fat

55
Q

How many AA can our body make?

A

Our bodies can make 12 out of 20 AA from other molecules.

Eight of them (9 in children) must come from the diet and are called Essential AA

56
Q

Where do AA enter the citric acid cycle?

A

AA enter at different points throughout the cycle

57
Q

Do AA enter the citric acid cycle during glycolysis?

A

No

58
Q

Glucose and ketone bodies come from the ____.

A

Liver

59
Q

Fatty acids come from ____ ____.

A

Adipose tissue

60
Q

Lactic acid and AA come from ____.

A

Muscle

61
Q

What can we do with lactic acid?

A

Send it back to liver by Cori Cycle to change it to pyruvic acid

62
Q

Glycolysis: Glycogen –> ____ ____.

A

Acetyl CoA

63
Q

Does the brain store glucose well?

A

No, that’s why regulation of glucose levels is so important

64
Q

Where does anaerobic metabolism predominantly occur?

A

In skeletal muscle

65
Q

What are the 3 main organs/tissues that energy sources are stored in?

A

Liver, Adipose tissue, [Skeletal] Muscle

Physiology (MPP 3202) (32 decks)

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