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Physiology (MPP 3202) > Ch. 8 CNS > Flashcards

Ch. 8 CNS Flashcards

1
Q

The CNS is composed of the?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

CNS receives input from?

A

Sensory neurons

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3
Q

CNS directs activity of ____ ____ that innervate muscles and glands.

A

Motor neurons

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4
Q

What type of neurons integrate sensory information and help direct the appropriate response to maintain homeostasis and respond to the environment?

A

Associate neurons

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5
Q

Gray Matter

A

Unmyelinated nerve cell bodies
–clusters of cell bodies in CNS are nuclei

Dendrites
Axon terminals

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6
Q

White Matter

A

Myelinated axons
–axon bundles connecting CNS are tracts

Contains very few cell bodies

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7
Q

Brain

A

Gray matter forms cortex (outer part) and deep nuclei; white matter (myelinated) is deep forming tracts

Adult brain has 100 billion neurons

It receives 15% of total blood flow to the body per minute

Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Midbrain, Hindbrain

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8
Q

Choroid Plexuses

A

Consists of simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium in close association w/ blood capillaries

Projects into roof of ventricles

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9
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

Choroid plexuses secrete CSF into ventricles and central canal of cord

  • -not part of our circulation
  • -no RBCs in CSF
  • -composition of CSF is different than that of blood

CSF is made from blood and returned to blood
–turned over rapidly

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10
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest portion of the brain - 80% of the mass

Responsible for higher mental functions

Consists of a Right (R) and Left (L) cerebral hemisphere connected internally by the Corpus Callosum

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11
Q

Functional Regions of the Cerebrum

A

Study diagram in notes (p. 7 in Ch. 8 notes)

You should be able to know the main gyri and sulci, know the location of each lobe, and special areas (Broca’s, Wernicke’s)

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12
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Outer region (cortex) of cerebrum composed of 2-4mm gray matter w/ underlying white matter

Characterized by raised folds called Gyri separated by depressed grooves called Sulci; together called Convolutions

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13
Q

Each hemisphere is divided by deep sulci or fissures into 5 lobes. What are these 5 lobes?

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Insula
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14
Q

Gyri

A

Raised folds of the brain

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15
Q

Sulci

A

Depressed grooves of the brain

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16
Q

The Frontal and Parietal lobes are separated by what?

A

The Central Sulcus

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17
Q

Precentral Gyrus

A

Frontal Lobe

Responsible for motor control; neurons called upper motor neurons

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18
Q

Postcentral Gyrus

A

Parietal Lobe

Responsible for Somatesthetic Sensation (coming from receptors in skin, muscles, tendons, and joints); called somatosensory cortex

Tells us where we are in space

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19
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Auditory Centers

Interpretation of auditory sensations, storage (memory) of auditory and visual experiences

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20
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Vision and coordination of eye movements

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21
Q

Insula Lobe

A

Encoding of memory and integration of sensory information w/ visceral responses; receives olfactory, gustatory, auditory, and pain information

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22
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles, personality, higher intellectual processes, verbal communication

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23
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Somatesthetic interpretation, understanding speech and formulating words to express thoughts and emotions, interpretation of textures and shapes

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24
Q

The L side of the brain controls which side of the body?

A

Right side of body

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25
The R side of the brain controls which side of the body?
Left side of the body
26
Communication between the 2 halves of the brain occurs through what structure?
Corpus Callosum
27
Right Hemisphere
Visuospatial tasks, recognizing faces, composing music
28
Left Hemisphere
Language, speech, writing, calculations
29
Discuss how Cerebral Lateralization (Dominance) works.
Each side of the precentral gyrus controls movements on the contralateral (opposite) side of the body. Somatesthetic sensation from each side of the body projects to the contralateral sides of the post central gyrus. Communication between the 2 sides occurs through the Corpus Callosum.
30
The Limbic system is the group of brain regions responsible for?
Emotional drives
31
Areas of the cerebrum included in the limbic system?
Cingulate gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus, septal nuclei, anterior insula Hypothalamus and Thalamus also included
32
The Limbic system controls what emotions?
``` Aggression Fear Hunger/Satiety Sex drive Goal-directed behaviors ```
33
Limbic System: Aggression
Areas in amygdala and hypothalamus
34
Limbic System: Fear
Amygdala and hypothalamus
35
Limbic System: Hunger/Satiety
Hypothalamus
36
Limbic System: Sex drive
The whole system
37
Limbic System: Goal-directed behaviors
Hypothalamus and other regions
38
The Diencephalon includes?
``` Epithalamus Thalamus Hypothalamus part of Pituitary Gland Third ventricle ```
39
The Diencephalon is located in the? What is it surrounded by?
Forebrain Surrounded by cerebral hemispheres
40
The hypothalamus is important in?
Maintaining homeostasis and regulating the autonomic system.
41
The hypothalamus contains centers for?
1. Hunger/satiety and thirst 2. Regulation of body temp 3. Regulation of sleep and wakefulness 4. Sexual arousal and performance 5. Emotions of fear, anger, pain, and pleasure 6. Control of endocrine system 7. Controls hormone secretion from pituitary gland
42
Posterior Pituitary Gland
ADH and Oxytocin (transported along the hypothalami-hypophyseal tract) where they are stored until needed
43
Hypothalami-Hypophyseal Tract
How the hypothalamus communicates to the posterior pituitary
44
The pituitary is __ gland with __ part(s).
1 gland, 2 parts
45
ADH
Anti-diuretic hormone Regulates urine concentration
46
Oxytocin
Acts on mammary glands
47
Anterior Pituitary
Hormones and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus are transported here via the circulation (portal vessels) to regulate the secretion of pituitary hormones
48
The hindbrain is known as the?
Rhombencephalon
49
The hindbrain is composed of?
Metencephalon (pons and cerebrum) and Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)
50
Metencephalon
Pons and Cerebrum Helps compose Hindbrain
51
Myelencephalon
Medulla Oblongata Helps compose Hindbrain
52
What does the Pons house?
Sensory and motor tracts heading from/to the spinal cord, and respiratory centers
53
Cerebellum
2nd largest brain structure; gray matter outside, white matter inside
54
The cerebellum receives input from?
Proprioceptors, which sense joint angle, muscle length and tension senses body position
55
The cerebellum works with?
Basal nuclei and motor cortex to coordinate movement
56
The cerebellum is needed for?
Motor learning and the proper timing and force required to move limbs in a specific task motor control
57
Myelencephalon
Made up of Medulla Oblongata All ascending and descending tracts between brain and spinal cord pass through medulla Contains nuclei required for regulation of breathing and cardiovascular response = vital centers - -remember, in CNS nuclei are clusters of cell bodies - -gray (unmyelinated)
58
Myelencephalon: Vasomotor Center
Controls blood vessel diameter
59
Myelencephalon: Cardiac Control Center
Controls HR
60
Myelencephalon: Respiratory Center
Works w/ areas in the Pons to control breathing
61
Spinal Cord
Composed of white matter surrounding a gray matter core | --cell bodies w/in gray matter (unmyelinated)
62
Spinal Cord: Gray Matter
Arranged w/ a left and right dorsal horn and a left and right ventral horn
63
Spinal Cord: White Matter
Composed of ascending and descending fiber tracts | --tracts in CNS are where bundled [myelinated] axons are (allows info to run up and down spinal cord)
64
Dorsal Root
Carries sensory information
65
Ventral Root
Motor neurons exit through ventral root to muscles/glands
66
Ascending Tracts
Convey sensory info from receptors in skin, muscles, joints, and organs to brain Crossover of tracts (decussation) may occur in the spinal cord or in the medulla. This means that the origin of the input and brain area are Contralateral.
67
Descending Tracts
Two Major Groups: 1. Corticospinal or Pyramidal: descend directly w/o synaptic interruption from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord - -no synapse 2. Extrapyramidal Tracts: originate in brain stem and are controlled by motor circuits of various brain regions - -you are not required to know the specific brain regions
68
Are Cranial Nerves part of the CNS or PNS?
PNS
69
Cranial Nerves
Arise directly from nuclei in brain 12 pairs Most are mixed nerves w/ both sensory and motor neurons (somatic and parasympathetic) Those associated w/ vision, olfaction, and hearing are sensory only and have their cell bodies in ganglia located near the sensory organ

Physiology (MPP 3202) (32 decks)

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