Ch. 1 The Study of Body Function

Question 1

Define homeostasis

Answer 1

The constancy of the internal environment that is the condition for a free and independent life

Question 2

What environmental factors, materials, and internal secretions that are variables of homeostatic control?

Answer 2

Enviro Factors: pH, osmolarity, temperature

Materials: nutrients, water, electrolytes, oxygen

Internal Secretions: hormones, chemical signals

Question 3

__% of homeostasis is regulated by negative feedback

Answer 3

95%

Question 4

What is negative feedback?

Answer 4

When the response opposes or removes the signal

Effector opposes the initiating signal

Question 5

Negative feedback can ____ normal state, but cannot ____ initial signal.

Answer 5

restore; prevent

Question 6

Give some examples of negative feedback in the body

Answer 6

BP too high, slow down HR to try to decrease BP

BP too low, increase HR

Question 7

Define positive feedback

Answer 7

Increasing the initial signal

Effector amplifies initiating signal

Question 8

Give some examples of positive feedback in the body

Answer 8

Blood clotting, positive feedback amplifies response to clot

Question 9

What are the 2 types of neural and endocrine regulation?

Answer 9

Intrinsic and Extrinsic

Question 10

Intrinsic Regulation

Answer 10

Within the organ

ex: ability of vessels to constrict or dilate

Question 11

Extrinsic Regulation

Answer 11

Regulation by nervous or endocrine (hormone) systems.

Nerve fibers can innervate organs, while hormones are secreted into the circulation to act on target organs

Question 12

Nervous and endocrine systems are ____.

Answer 12

extrinsic (b/c it happens from outside that organ)

Question 13

Discuss antagonistic effectors of homeostasis

Answer 13

Many factors (blood glucose, HR) are controlled by multiple effects, which have antagonistic actions, i.e., increased activity of one effector is accompanied by decreasing activity of antagonistic effector

Refined control

Question 14

Balance of both [antagonistic effectors] –> ____?

Answer 14

Control

Question 15

What are the 4 types of primary tissues?

Answer 15

Muscle

Nervous

Epithelial

Connective (CT)

Question 16

What are examples of muscle tissue?

Answer 16

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac; specialized for contraction

Question 17

Where are muscle tissues located?

Answer 17

Glands/vasculature

Question 18

What are examples of nervous tissue?

Answer 18

Neurons and support cells

Sends signals (electrical)

Question 19

What are examples of CT?

Answer 19

Blood, adipose (fat), bone, cartilage.

Question 20

What is the matrix of blood?

Answer 20

Water

Question 21

CT is embedded in ____.

Answer 21

Matrix

Question 22

In what type of matrix is bone embedded?

Answer 22

Hard, calcified

Question 23

Define organ

Answer 23

Two or more primary tissues

ex: heart contains CT and muscle
ex: kidney contains epithelial tissue and CT

Question 24

Define organ system

Answer 24

Organs grouped by common function (cardiovascular system)

Question 25

What makes up tissues, organs, and organ systems?

Answer 25

Cells --\> Tissues --\> Organs --\> Organ Systems

Question 26

Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 26

Voluntary

Question 27

Is skeletal muscle straited or smooth?

Answer 27

Striated

Question 28

How is skeletal muscle arranged?

Answer 28

Arranged in parallel; each muscle fiber (myofiber) can be controlled individually (grade contraction)

Question 29

Does skeletal muscle have one nuclei or is it multi-nucleated?

Answer 29

Multi-nucleated

Question 30

What type of muscle tissue is this?

Answer 30

Skeletal

Question 31

What type of muscle tissue is this?

Answer 31

Cardiac

Question 32

Discuss Cardiac Muscle

Answer 32

Involuntary, Striated Intercalated discs: contact between adjacent cells, couple cells mechanically and electrically (connects cardiac muscle); cells are coupled together to help accomplish tasks (ex: pump blood) When atria are pushing blood into ventricles, ventricles must be relaxed in order to fill with blood --\> temporally controlled Also spatially controlled

Question 33

What type of muscle tissue is this?

Answer 33

Smooth

Question 34

Discuss smooth muscle tissue

Answer 34

Involuntary No striations Found in digestive tract, blood vessels, bronchioles Control over vasculature dilation/contraction

Question 35

What do neurons do?

Answer 35

Generate and conduct electrical signals

Question 36

What are the parts of a neuron? What do they do?

Answer 36

Cell Body: nucleus located in cell body Dendrites: short extensions off of the cell body, receive signals Axons: conduct signals, can be up to a meter long

Question 37

What are neuroglial?

Answer 37

Support cells for nervous tissue

Question 38

Discuss the structure of epithelial tissue

Answer 38

One or more layers of epithelial tissue Separated from underlying tissue by basal lamina or basement membrane Any substance that enters or leaves the internal environment must cross an epithelium (epithelial barrier)

Question 39

What are the 2 types of epithelial tissue?

Answer 39

Sheets of cells lining body surfaces --ex: skin, endothelial cells Secretory epithelia --ex: sweat glands

Question 40

Discuss the structural **classification** of epithelial tissue

Answer 40

Layering --simple or stratified Shapes --squamous, cuboidal, columnar Function --exchange, transporting, ciliated, protective, secretory

Question 41

Is the basement membrane of epithelial tissue a cellular structure or extracellular?

Answer 41

Extracellular

Question 42

What do endothelial cells line?

Answer 42

Line innermost part of blood vessles, specialized type of epithelial cells

Question 43

Why are exchange cells flat?

Answer 43

Allows for easier transfer ex: located in lungs for CO2 and oxygen exchange

Question 44

Why are ciliated cells necessary?

Answer 44

to move things along ex: resp. tract, female reproductive tract

Question 45

The beginning of respiratory tract is stratified for \_\_\_\_.

Answer 45

Protection

Question 46

Squamous epithelial tissues

Answer 46

Flattened, diffusion, filtrations

Question 47

Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue

Answer 47

Square Excretion Secretion Absorption

Question 48

Columnar Epithelial Tissue

Answer 48

Rectangular Secretion Absorption --selective about what we transport

Question 49

Exocrine glands

Answer 49

Outside Sweat glands Reproductive glands Secrete something to external environment via duct

Question 50

Endocrine glands

Answer 50

Hypothalamus Thyroid Adrenal Secrete things into our internal environment

Question 51

CT: Structure

Answer 51

Large amounts of extracellular material between different cells CT, Cartilage, Bone, Blood...very diverse

Question 52

CT: Ground substance (matrix)

Answer 52

Highly variable Matrix fibers - collagen, elastin, fibronectin

Question 53

CT: Cells

Answer 53

Fixed (cells that are stuck in matrix, very dense) --blasts (build), clasts (breakdown), cytes (neither) Mobile (defense)