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Physiology (MPP 3202) > Ch. 1 The Study of Body Function > Flashcards

Ch. 1 The Study of Body Function Flashcards

1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The constancy of the internal environment that is the condition for a free and independent life

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2
Q

What environmental factors, materials, and internal secretions that are variables of homeostatic control?

A

Enviro Factors: pH, osmolarity, temperature

Materials: nutrients, water, electrolytes, oxygen

Internal Secretions: hormones, chemical signals

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3
Q

__% of homeostasis is regulated by negative feedback

A

95%

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4
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

When the response opposes or removes the signal

Effector opposes the initiating signal

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5
Q

Negative feedback can ____ normal state, but cannot ____ initial signal.

A

restore; prevent

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6
Q

Give some examples of negative feedback in the body

A

BP too high, slow down HR to try to decrease BP

BP too low, increase HR

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7
Q

Define positive feedback

A

Increasing the initial signal

Effector amplifies initiating signal

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8
Q

Give some examples of positive feedback in the body

A

Blood clotting, positive feedback amplifies response to clot

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of neural and endocrine regulation?

A

Intrinsic and Extrinsic

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10
Q

Intrinsic Regulation

A

Within the organ

ex: ability of vessels to constrict or dilate

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11
Q

Extrinsic Regulation

A

Regulation by nervous or endocrine (hormone) systems.

Nerve fibers can innervate organs, while hormones are secreted into the circulation to act on target organs

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12
Q

Nervous and endocrine systems are ____.

A

extrinsic (b/c it happens from outside that organ)

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13
Q

Discuss antagonistic effectors of homeostasis

A

Many factors (blood glucose, HR) are controlled by multiple effects, which have antagonistic actions, i.e., increased activity of one effector is accompanied by decreasing activity of antagonistic effector

Refined control

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14
Q

Balance of both [antagonistic effectors] –> ____?

A

Control

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15
Q

What are the 4 types of primary tissues?

A

Muscle

Nervous

Epithelial

Connective (CT)

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16
Q

What are examples of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac; specialized for contraction

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17
Q

Where are muscle tissues located?

A

Glands/vasculature

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18
Q

What are examples of nervous tissue?

A

Neurons and support cells

Sends signals (electrical)

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19
Q

What are examples of CT?

A

Blood, adipose (fat), bone, cartilage.

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20
Q

What is the matrix of blood?

A

Water

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21
Q

CT is embedded in ____.

A

Matrix

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22
Q

In what type of matrix is bone embedded?

A

Hard, calcified

23
Q

Define organ

A

Two or more primary tissues

ex: heart contains CT and muscle
ex: kidney contains epithelial tissue and CT

24
Q

Define organ system

A

Organs grouped by common function (cardiovascular system)

25
Q

What makes up tissues, organs, and organ systems?

A

Cells –> Tissues –> Organs –> Organ Systems

26
Q

Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

27
Q

Is skeletal muscle straited or smooth?

A

Striated

28
Q

How is skeletal muscle arranged?

A

Arranged in parallel; each muscle fiber (myofiber) can be controlled individually (grade contraction)

29
Q

Does skeletal muscle have one nuclei or is it multi-nucleated?

A

Multi-nucleated

30
Q

What type of muscle tissue is this?

A

Skeletal

31
Q

What type of muscle tissue is this?

A

Cardiac

32
Q

Discuss Cardiac Muscle

A

Involuntary, Striated

Intercalated discs: contact between adjacent cells, couple cells mechanically and electrically (connects cardiac muscle); cells are coupled together to help accomplish tasks (ex: pump blood)

When atria are pushing blood into ventricles, ventricles must be relaxed in order to fill with blood –> temporally controlled

Also spatially controlled

33
Q

What type of muscle tissue is this?

A

Smooth

34
Q

Discuss smooth muscle tissue

A

Involuntary

No striations

Found in digestive tract, blood vessels, bronchioles

Control over vasculature dilation/contraction

35
Q

What do neurons do?

A

Generate and conduct electrical signals

36
Q

What are the parts of a neuron? What do they do?

A

Cell Body: nucleus located in cell body

Dendrites: short extensions off of the cell body, receive signals

Axons: conduct signals, can be up to a meter long

37
Q

What are neuroglial?

A

Support cells for nervous tissue

38
Q

Discuss the structure of epithelial tissue

A

One or more layers of epithelial tissue

Separated from underlying tissue by basal lamina or basement membrane

Any substance that enters or leaves the internal environment must cross an epithelium (epithelial barrier)

39
Q

What are the 2 types of epithelial tissue?

A

Sheets of cells lining body surfaces

–ex: skin, endothelial cells

Secretory epithelia

–ex: sweat glands

40
Q

Discuss the structural classification of epithelial tissue

A

Layering

–simple or stratified

Shapes

–squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Function

–exchange, transporting, ciliated, protective, secretory

41
Q

Is the basement membrane of epithelial tissue a cellular structure or extracellular?

A

Extracellular

42
Q

What do endothelial cells line?

A

Line innermost part of blood vessles, specialized type of epithelial cells

43
Q

Why are exchange cells flat?

A

Allows for easier transfer

ex: located in lungs for CO2 and oxygen exchange

44
Q

Why are ciliated cells necessary?

A

to move things along

ex: resp. tract, female reproductive tract

45
Q

The beginning of respiratory tract is stratified for ____.

A

Protection

46
Q

Squamous epithelial tissues

A

Flattened, diffusion, filtrations

47
Q

Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue

A

Square

Excretion

Secretion

Absorption

48
Q

Columnar Epithelial Tissue

A

Rectangular

Secretion

Absorption

–selective about what we transport

49
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Outside

Sweat glands

Reproductive glands

Secrete something to external environment via duct

50
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Hypothalamus

Thyroid

Adrenal

Secrete things into our internal environment

51
Q

CT: Structure

A

Large amounts of extracellular material between different cells

CT, Cartilage, Bone, Blood…very diverse

52
Q

CT: Ground substance (matrix)

A

Highly variable

Matrix fibers - collagen, elastin, fibronectin

53
Q

CT: Cells

A

Fixed (cells that are stuck in matrix, very dense)

–blasts (build), clasts (breakdown), cytes (neither)

Mobile (defense)

Physiology (MPP 3202) (32 decks)

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