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Physiology (MPP 3202) > Ch. 11 Endocrine Glands > Flashcards

Ch. 11 Endocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostatic effectors are controlled by which gland: endocrine or exocrine?

A

Endocrine glands

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2
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Secrete hormones into blood

Hormones are carried to Target Cells which have receptors for those hormones

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3
Q

Many organs secrete hormones. List 4.

A
  1. Heart
  2. Liver
  3. Kidneys
  4. Adipose tissue

Hormone signaling involves a lot of different organs

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4
Q

Neurohormones

A

Secreted by specialized cells of the hypothalamus

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5
Q

Hormones help regulate many different things. List 3.

A
  1. Body metabolism
  2. Growth
  3. Reproduction
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6
Q

Chemical Classification of Hormones: Amines

A

Derived from tyrosine and tryptophan

ex: hormones from adrenal medulla, thyroid, and pineal glands

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7
Q

Chemical Classification of Hormones: Polypeptides and Proteins

A

ex: antidiuretic hormone, insulin, and growth hormone

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8
Q

Chemical Classification of Hormones: Glycoproteins

A

Long polypeptides bound to a carbohydrate

ex: follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones

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9
Q

Chemical Classification of Hormones: Steroids

A

Lipids derived from cholesterol (not very water-soluble)

ex: testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, cortisol

Secreted by adrenal cortex and gonads

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10
Q

Synergistic Effects

A

Occur when 2 or more hormones work together to produce a particular effect

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11
Q

Synergistic Effects: Additive

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine each affect the heart in the same way

Even if you take epinephrine away, norepinephrine is still affecting the organ in the same way

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12
Q

Synergistic Effects: Complementary

A

Each hormone contributes a different piece of an overall outcome
–ex: producing milk requires estrogen, prolactin, and oxytocin

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13
Q

Permissive Effects

A

Subset of complementary effect

Occur when one hormone makes the target cell more responsive to a second hormone

Exposure to estrogen makes the uterus more responsive to progesterone
–estrogen sets stage for effects of progesterone

Increased secretion of PTH makes intestines more responsive to Vitamin D3 in calcium absorption

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14
Q

How do permissive effects work?

A

First hormone –> sensitizes organ to effects of 2nd hormone –> get desired effects from 2nd hormone (2nd hormone is actually inducing effect)

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15
Q

Antagonistic Effects

A

Occur when hormones work in opposite directions

Insulin and glucagon both affect adipose tissue

  • -insulin stimulates fat storage
  • -glucagon stimulates fat breakdown

Have to be working on same organ to be antagonistic effects

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16
Q

Hormone Action

A

Hormones bind to receptors on or in target cells

  • -binding is highly specific
  • -hormones bind to receptors w/ a High Affinity
  • -hormones bind to receptors w/ a low capacity; saturating the receptors w/ hormone molecules

Hormones are released at really low doses

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17
Q

Hormone Action: Lipophilic hormone receptors

A

In cytoplasm or nucleus

Hydrophobic, receptors found inside cell

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18
Q

Hormone Action: Water-soluble hormone receptors

A

On outer surface of plasma membrane

Facing eternal environment

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19
Q

Nuclear Receptors

A

Lipophilic steroid hormones and thyroid hormone

  • -travel to target cells attached to Carrier Proteins
  • -at the target cell, dissociate from the carrier protein and diffuse across the plasma membrane
  • -receptors are found w/in the nucleus and are called Nuclear Hormone Receptors because they activate genetic transcription

These hormone receptors serve as Transcription Factors
–making mRNA

They are activated by the binding of the hormone

The effect of these hormones is therefore to produce new proteins, usually enzymes that change metabolism inside the cell

Going to affect gene expression

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20
Q

Hormones: 2nd Messengers

A

Hormones that cannot cross the plasma membrane
–water-soluble

Activate an intracellular mediator called a 2nd Messenger

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21
Q

List the 3 major 2nd messenger mechanisms

A
  1. Adenylate cyclase (activates a protein kinase)
  2. Phospholipase C (controls intracellular Ca2+)
  3. Tyrosine kinases
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22
Q

Pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by the ____.

A

Infundibulum

23
Q

The pituitary gland is divide into what lobes?

A

Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)

Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

24
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

Glandular epithelium w/ 2 parts - pars distalis and pars tuberalis

25
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

Nervous tissue

aka pars nervosa

26
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

A

Trophic hormones stimulate hormone secretion in other glands:

  • -growth hormone (GH)
  • -thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • -adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • -follicle-stimuatling hormone (FSH)
  • -luteinizing hormone (LH) - in the male, it is interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)
  • -prolactin (PRL)
27
Q

Feedback Control of the Anterior Pituitary

A

Final product regulate secretion of pituitary hormones - negative feedback inhibition

Relationship between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and target tissue is called an Axis

Inhibition can occur at the pituitary gland level, inhibiting response to hypothalamic hormones

Inhibition can occur at the hypothalamus level, inhibiting secretion of releasing hormones

28
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

A

Stores and releases 2 hormones made in hypothalamus

  • -Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): promotes retention of water in kidneys (also called arginine vasopressin - AVP)
  • -Oxytocin: stimulates contractions in childbirth and milk let-down in lactation
29
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Found atop the kidneys

Consist of an outer adrenal cortex and an inner adrenal medulla that function as 2 separate glands
–one organ, 2 real parts

30
Q

Adrenal Glands: Adrenal Medulla

A

Adrenal Medulla is neural tissue and secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to sympathetic neural stimulation

31
Q

Adrenal Glands: Adrenal Cortex

A

Adrenal Cortex is glandular epithelium and secretes steroid hormones in response to ACTH (comes from anterior pituitary gland)

3 layers:

  • -zona glomerulosa
  • -zona fasciculata
  • -zona reticularis
32
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Secretes hormones made from cholesterol; called corticosteroids or corticoids

3 categories:

  • -Mineralocorticoids
  • -Glucocorticoids
  • -Adrenal androgens
33
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

From zona glomerulosa

Regulate Na+ and K+ balance

ex: Aldosterone

34
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

From zona fasciculata

Regulate glucose metabolism

ex: Cortisol

35
Q

Adrenal Androgens

A

From zona reticularis

Weak sex hormones that supplement those made in the gonads

36
Q

Cortisol (Hydrocortisone)

A

Stimulates protein degradation
–allows us to get energy from protein

Stimulates gluconeogenesis (making glucose) and inhibits glucose utilization to raise blood glucose levels

Stimulates lipolysis

37
Q

When do cortisol levels spike?

A

Early in the day

When stressed

38
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Located just below the larynx

Has 2 lobes on either side of the trachea, connected by the isthmus

39
Q

Thyroid Gland Structure

A

Consists of hollow spaces called Thyroid Follicles lined w/ simple cuboidal epithelium composed of Follicular Cells that produce Thyroglobulin

Interior of the follicles is filled w/ a fluid called Colloid

Outside of the follicles are Parafollicular Cells that secrete Calcitonin

40
Q

Production of Thyroid Hormone

A

Thyroglobulin is made by follicular cells

Thyroid follicles actively accumulate Iodide (I-) and secrete it into the colloid.

  • -iodine is attached to tyrosines w/ the thyroglobulin molecule
  • -1 iodine produces monoiodotyrosine (MIT)
  • -2 iodines produce diiodotyrosine (DIT)

Enzyme w/in the colloid attach MIT and DIT together:

  • -DIT + DIT = T4 (thyroxine)
  • -DIT + MIT = T3 (triiodothyronine)

These are still bound to thyroglobulin

  • -dissociate from thyroglobulin when the thyroid gland is stipulated by TSH
  • -secreted into the blood
41
Q

What is T4?

A

Thyroxine

DIT + DIT = T4

42
Q

What is T3?

A

Triiodothyronine

DIT + MIT =T3

43
Q

T3/T4: Which one is the active form? Which one can be converted to the other by iodinases?

A

T3 is active form

T4 (longer half-life) can be converted by T3 by iodinases in cells

44
Q

Thyroid Hormone

A
  1. Stimulates protein synthesis
  2. Promotes maturation of nervous system
  3. Increases rates of cellular respiration
  4. Elevates basal metabolic rate
45
Q

What are 2 diseases associated w/ thyroid problems?

A

Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism

46
Q

Parathyroid Gland

A

Generally 4 glands embedded in the back of thyroid gland

Secrete Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Hormone promotes a rise in blood calcium by acting on bones, kidneys, and intestines
–PTH tells kidneys to retain calcium, tells bones to break down a little to get more calcium, and tells intestines to absorb more calcium

47
Q

Pancreas

A

Both an endocrine and exocrine gland

Endocrine cells are located in pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

48
Q

Pancreas: Alpha Cells

A

Glucagon

49
Q

Pancreas: Beta Cells

A

Insulin

destruction of Beta cells = type 1 diabetes

50
Q

Insulin

A

Primary hormone regulating plasma glucose concentration

Secreted by beta cells when blood glucose levels rise after a sugary or CHO meal

Its purpose is to lower blood glucose levels to the “normal’ range

51
Q

Insulin: Mechanisms of Work

A

Binds to receptors on target cells

  • -vesicles w/ GLUT4 carrier proteins bind to membrane
  • -glucose diffuses through GLUT4 channels by facilitated diffusion
  • -occurs in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and the liver

Indirectly stimulates the enzyme glycogen synthase in liver and skeletal muscles to promote sugar storage

Stimulates adipose tissue to store fat

52
Q

How soon does the body to store blood glucose after eating?

A

W/in minutes in ingesting a meal

53
Q

Glucagon

A

Antagonistic to insulin

Secreted by alpha cells when blood glucose levels are low

Purpose is to raise blood glucose levels to a “normal” level

Stimulates liver to hydrolyze glucagon into glucose (glycogenolysis) and release it into the blood

Stimulates gluconeogenesis, conversion of nonCHOs into glucose

Stimulates lipolysis in adipose tissue so fat is released as used as a fuel source instead of glucose

Physiology (MPP 3202) (32 decks)

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