Exam 3 Phys

Question 1

when would you want to increase the curvature of the lens?

Answer 1

near vision

Question 2

term for lens stiffness due to aging

Answer 2

pesbyopia

Question 3

what are the vertical cell types in the retina

Answer 3

receptor cells (rods and cones)
Bipolar cells
Ganglion cells (MG cells)

Question 4

when is glutamate released by rods and cones

Answer 4

ALWAYS
more is released when it is dark (no photons)
photons will hyperpolarize the rods and cones leading to less glutamate release

Question 5

what does the lateral geniculate body (LGB) do

Answer 5

controls motion of eyes to converge and focus; detects movements and maps them in space

Question 6

V1

Answer 6

primary visual cortex; area 17

Question 7

V2 and V3

Answer 7

area 18

Question 8

V4 and V5

Answer 8

area 19

Question 9

Major job of V1

Answer 9

identify edges and contours of objects

Question 10

major job of V2

Answer 10

depth perception

Question 11

major function of V3a

Answer 11

identify motion

Question 12

major function of V4

Answer 12

complete processing of color inputs

Question 13

dorsal visual pathway

Answer 13

primary visual cortex to the parietal and frontal cortex passing through V3

completes motor acts based on visual input

Question 14

Ventral visual pathway

Answer 14

primary visual cortex to the inferior temporal cortex

facial recognition, copying, and naming objects

Question 15

what to MG cells do

Answer 15

ganglion cells that detect light directly via melanospin; causes changes in Ca levels in the cells

non image forming and projects directly to superchiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus

Question 16

Ventral intraparietal area (VIP)

Answer 16

receives information from cortex and creates a rough map

Question 17

F4

Answer 17

premotor cortex; creates a detailed map of space around you; neurons excited by proximity

Question 18

F2

Answer 18

premotor cortex; V6a sends info and it creates a map of your arm in location to your body and surroundings

Question 19

AIP and PFG

Answer 19

part of inferior parietal cortex relay information to F5 (premotor)

F5 neurons fire with the GOAL of the action in mind

Question 20

Supplementary Motor Cortex divisions and functions

Answer 20

Supplementary motor area- postural control

Pre-supplementary motor area- plans motor program required to make action occur

overall motor sequences and executive control (Plan B)

Question 21

inputs to central spinocerebellum

Answer 21

vestibular
visual/auditory
efferent copy (what brain sends muscle)

Question 22

outputs of central spinocerebellum

Answer 22

globose and emboliformis nuclei
fastigal nucleus
rubrospinal tract

Question 23

inputs to lateral spinocerebellum

Answer 23

muscle afferent

efferent copy

Question 24

outputs of lateral spinocerebellum

Answer 24

emboliformis and globose nuclei (interpositis)

rubrospinal tract

Question 25

input to cerebrocerebellum

Answer 25

all regions of cortex

Question 26

output of cerebrocerebellum

Answer 26

dentate nucleus | back to cortex

Question 27

input of vestibulocerebellum

Answer 27

vestibular apparatus (direct or indirect)

Question 28

output of vestibulocerebellum

Answer 28

fastigial nucleus vestibular nuclei (4) can ascend or descend

Question 29

stria vascularis

Answer 29

maintains electrochemical properties of the endolymph part of Scala media that pumps K+ into the endolymph

Question 30

afferent and efferent innervation of hair cells

Answer 30

afferent- spiral ganglion | efferent- superior olivary complex

Question 31

orientation of hair cells on basilar membrane

Answer 31

one row of inner hair cells - primary source of auditory info three rows of outer hair cells - contractile and act as an amplifier

Question 32

integrates acoustic information with somatosensory information for localization of sound

Answer 32

dorsal cochlear nuclei

Question 33

begins processing the temporal and spectral features of sound

Answer 33

ventral cochlear nuclei

Question 34

Superior olivary complex function

Answer 34

location where information from both ears (binaural) converges medial superior olivary (MSO) nucleus is primary nucleus receives excitatory projections

Question 35

MSO function

Answer 35

generates map of the interaural time differences to localize sounds

Question 36

LSO function

Answer 36

generates map of the interaural intensity differences to localize sounds

Question 37

superior colliculus function in auditory pathway

Answer 37

incorporates info from inferior colliculus to determine height and create a spatial map of sound location

Question 38

inferior colliculus function in auditory pathway

Answer 38

suppresses information form echoes that would interfere with horizontal location of sound

Question 39

Medial geniculate nucleus in auditory pathway

Answer 39

relay station of thalamus with lots of convergence form temporal pathways allows for processing of speech inflections

Question 40

primary auditory cortex (A1)

Answer 40

conscious perception of sound and higher order processing of sound higher frequency sounds more posterior and low frequency more anterior

Question 41

Auditory association cortex

Answer 41

Broca's and Wernicke's; respond to more complex sounds and identifying/naming sounds and speech

Question 42

Medial olivocochlear efferents

Answer 42

innervate outer hair cells

Question 43

lateral olivocochlear efferents

Answer 43

innervate inner hair cells

Question 44

olivocochlear efferent function

Answer 44

decrease adaption reduce response to noise protect damage from intense cells

Question 45

umami flavor GPCR

Answer 45

mGluR4

Question 46

what neurons are bipolar?

Answer 46

olfactory

Question 47

piriform cortex projecting to lateral hypothalamus influences what

Answer 47

control of appetite

Question 48

piriform cortex projecting to thalamus followed by medial orbitofrontal cortex influences what

Answer 48

integration of taste, sight, and smell; appreciation of food flavor

Question 49

periamygdaloid cortex projection influences what

Answer 49

integration of emotional aspects elicited by odor

Question 50

entorhinal cortex projecting to hippocampus influences what

Answer 50

memory formation

Question 51

difference between taste receptors and olfactory receptors

Answer 51

taste receptors are modified epithelial cells which are insensitive to voltage for the most part (fixed permeability with a shifting Na gradient) olfactory receptors are voltage sensitive neurons (fixed Na gradient with shifting permeability)

Question 52

what part of the thalamus is responsible for shivering?

Answer 52

dorsomedial posterior hypothalamus

Question 53

sweat gland innervation

Answer 53

Sympathetic cholinergic: Ach binds mAchR