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Neuro > Exam 3 Phys > Flashcards

Exam 3 Phys Flashcards

1
Q

when would you want to increase the curvature of the lens?

A

near vision

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2
Q

term for lens stiffness due to aging

A

pesbyopia

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3
Q

what are the vertical cell types in the retina

A 
receptor cells (rods and cones)
Bipolar cells
Ganglion cells (MG cells)
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4
Q

when is glutamate released by rods and cones

A

ALWAYS
more is released when it is dark (no photons)
photons will hyperpolarize the rods and cones leading to less glutamate release

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5
Q

what does the lateral geniculate body (LGB) do

A

controls motion of eyes to converge and focus; detects movements and maps them in space

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6
Q

V1

A

primary visual cortex; area 17

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7
Q

V2 and V3

A

area 18

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8
Q

V4 and V5

A

area 19

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9
Q

Major job of V1

A

identify edges and contours of objects

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10
Q

major job of V2

A

depth perception

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11
Q

major function of V3a

A

identify motion

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12
Q

major function of V4

A

complete processing of color inputs

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13
Q

dorsal visual pathway

A

primary visual cortex to the parietal and frontal cortex passing through V3

completes motor acts based on visual input

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14
Q

Ventral visual pathway

A

primary visual cortex to the inferior temporal cortex

facial recognition, copying, and naming objects

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15
Q

what to MG cells do

A

ganglion cells that detect light directly via melanospin; causes changes in Ca levels in the cells

non image forming and projects directly to superchiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus

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16
Q

Ventral intraparietal area (VIP)

A

receives information from cortex and creates a rough map

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17
Q

F4

A

premotor cortex; creates a detailed map of space around you; neurons excited by proximity

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18
Q

F2

A

premotor cortex; V6a sends info and it creates a map of your arm in location to your body and surroundings

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19
Q

AIP and PFG

A

part of inferior parietal cortex relay information to F5 (premotor)

F5 neurons fire with the GOAL of the action in mind

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20
Q

Supplementary Motor Cortex divisions and functions

A

Supplementary motor area- postural control

Pre-supplementary motor area- plans motor program required to make action occur

overall motor sequences and executive control (Plan B)

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21
Q

inputs to central spinocerebellum

A

vestibular
visual/auditory
efferent copy (what brain sends muscle)

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22
Q

outputs of central spinocerebellum

A

globose and emboliformis nuclei
fastigal nucleus
rubrospinal tract

23
Q

inputs to lateral spinocerebellum

A

muscle afferent

efferent copy

24
Q

outputs of lateral spinocerebellum

A

emboliformis and globose nuclei (interpositis)

rubrospinal tract

25
Q

input to cerebrocerebellum

A

all regions of cortex

26
Q

output of cerebrocerebellum

A

dentate nucleus

back to cortex

27
Q

input of vestibulocerebellum

A

vestibular apparatus (direct or indirect)

28
Q

output of vestibulocerebellum

A

fastigial nucleus
vestibular nuclei (4)
can ascend or descend

29
Q

stria vascularis

A

maintains electrochemical properties of the endolymph

part of Scala media that pumps K+ into the endolymph

30
Q

afferent and efferent innervation of hair cells

A

afferent- spiral ganglion

efferent- superior olivary complex

31
Q

orientation of hair cells on basilar membrane

A

one row of inner hair cells - primary source of auditory info

three rows of outer hair cells - contractile and act as an amplifier

32
Q

integrates acoustic information with somatosensory information for localization of sound

A

dorsal cochlear nuclei

33
Q

begins processing the temporal and spectral features of sound

A

ventral cochlear nuclei

34
Q

Superior olivary complex function

A

location where information from both ears (binaural) converges

medial superior olivary (MSO) nucleus is primary nucleus

receives excitatory projections

35
Q

MSO function

A

generates map of the interaural time differences to localize sounds

36
Q

LSO function

A

generates map of the interaural intensity differences to localize sounds

37
Q

superior colliculus function in auditory pathway

A

incorporates info from inferior colliculus to determine height and create a spatial map of sound location

38
Q

inferior colliculus function in auditory pathway

A

suppresses information form echoes that would interfere with horizontal location of sound

39
Q

Medial geniculate nucleus in auditory pathway

A

relay station of thalamus with lots of convergence form temporal pathways allows for processing of speech inflections

40
Q

primary auditory cortex (A1)

A

conscious perception of sound and higher order processing of sound

higher frequency sounds more posterior and low frequency more anterior

41
Q

Auditory association cortex

A

Broca’s and Wernicke’s; respond to more complex sounds and identifying/naming sounds and speech

42
Q

Medial olivocochlear efferents

A

innervate outer hair cells

43
Q

lateral olivocochlear efferents

A

innervate inner hair cells

44
Q

olivocochlear efferent function

A

decrease adaption
reduce response to noise
protect damage from intense cells

45
Q

umami flavor GPCR

A

mGluR4

46
Q

what neurons are bipolar?

A

olfactory

47
Q

piriform cortex projecting to lateral hypothalamus influences what

A

control of appetite

48
Q

piriform cortex projecting to thalamus followed by medial orbitofrontal cortex influences what

A

integration of taste, sight, and smell; appreciation of food flavor

49
Q

periamygdaloid cortex projection influences what

A

integration of emotional aspects elicited by odor

50
Q

entorhinal cortex projecting to hippocampus influences what

A

memory formation

51
Q

difference between taste receptors and olfactory receptors

A

taste receptors are modified epithelial cells which are insensitive to voltage for the most part (fixed permeability with a shifting Na gradient)

olfactory receptors are voltage sensitive neurons (fixed Na gradient with shifting permeability)

52
Q

what part of the thalamus is responsible for shivering?

A

dorsomedial posterior hypothalamus

53
Q

sweat gland innervation

A

Sympathetic cholinergic: Ach binds mAchR

Neuro (14 decks)

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