Exam 3 Phys Flashcards
when would you want to increase the curvature of the lens?
near vision
term for lens stiffness due to aging
pesbyopia
what are the vertical cell types in the retina
receptor cells (rods and cones) Bipolar cells Ganglion cells (MG cells)
when is glutamate released by rods and cones
ALWAYS
more is released when it is dark (no photons)
photons will hyperpolarize the rods and cones leading to less glutamate release
what does the lateral geniculate body (LGB) do
controls motion of eyes to converge and focus; detects movements and maps them in space
V1
primary visual cortex; area 17
V2 and V3
area 18
V4 and V5
area 19
Major job of V1
identify edges and contours of objects
major job of V2
depth perception
major function of V3a
identify motion
major function of V4
complete processing of color inputs
dorsal visual pathway
primary visual cortex to the parietal and frontal cortex passing through V3
completes motor acts based on visual input
Ventral visual pathway
primary visual cortex to the inferior temporal cortex
facial recognition, copying, and naming objects
what to MG cells do
ganglion cells that detect light directly via melanospin; causes changes in Ca levels in the cells
non image forming and projects directly to superchiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus
Ventral intraparietal area (VIP)
receives information from cortex and creates a rough map
F4
premotor cortex; creates a detailed map of space around you; neurons excited by proximity
F2
premotor cortex; V6a sends info and it creates a map of your arm in location to your body and surroundings
AIP and PFG
part of inferior parietal cortex relay information to F5 (premotor)
F5 neurons fire with the GOAL of the action in mind
Supplementary Motor Cortex divisions and functions
Supplementary motor area- postural control
Pre-supplementary motor area- plans motor program required to make action occur
overall motor sequences and executive control (Plan B)
inputs to central spinocerebellum
vestibular
visual/auditory
efferent copy (what brain sends muscle)
outputs of central spinocerebellum
globose and emboliformis nuclei
fastigal nucleus
rubrospinal tract
inputs to lateral spinocerebellum
muscle afferent
efferent copy
outputs of lateral spinocerebellum
emboliformis and globose nuclei (interpositis)
rubrospinal tract
input to cerebrocerebellum
all regions of cortex
output of cerebrocerebellum
dentate nucleus
back to cortex
input of vestibulocerebellum
vestibular apparatus (direct or indirect)
output of vestibulocerebellum
fastigial nucleus
vestibular nuclei (4)
can ascend or descend
stria vascularis
maintains electrochemical properties of the endolymph
part of Scala media that pumps K+ into the endolymph
afferent and efferent innervation of hair cells
afferent- spiral ganglion
efferent- superior olivary complex
orientation of hair cells on basilar membrane
one row of inner hair cells - primary source of auditory info
three rows of outer hair cells - contractile and act as an amplifier
integrates acoustic information with somatosensory information for localization of sound
dorsal cochlear nuclei
begins processing the temporal and spectral features of sound
ventral cochlear nuclei
Superior olivary complex function
location where information from both ears (binaural) converges
medial superior olivary (MSO) nucleus is primary nucleus
receives excitatory projections
MSO function
generates map of the interaural time differences to localize sounds
LSO function
generates map of the interaural intensity differences to localize sounds
superior colliculus function in auditory pathway
incorporates info from inferior colliculus to determine height and create a spatial map of sound location
inferior colliculus function in auditory pathway
suppresses information form echoes that would interfere with horizontal location of sound
Medial geniculate nucleus in auditory pathway
relay station of thalamus with lots of convergence form temporal pathways allows for processing of speech inflections
primary auditory cortex (A1)
conscious perception of sound and higher order processing of sound
higher frequency sounds more posterior and low frequency more anterior
Auditory association cortex
Broca’s and Wernicke’s; respond to more complex sounds and identifying/naming sounds and speech
Medial olivocochlear efferents
innervate outer hair cells
lateral olivocochlear efferents
innervate inner hair cells
olivocochlear efferent function
decrease adaption
reduce response to noise
protect damage from intense cells
umami flavor GPCR
mGluR4
what neurons are bipolar?
olfactory
piriform cortex projecting to lateral hypothalamus influences what
control of appetite
piriform cortex projecting to thalamus followed by medial orbitofrontal cortex influences what
integration of taste, sight, and smell; appreciation of food flavor
periamygdaloid cortex projection influences what
integration of emotional aspects elicited by odor
entorhinal cortex projecting to hippocampus influences what
memory formation
difference between taste receptors and olfactory receptors
taste receptors are modified epithelial cells which are insensitive to voltage for the most part (fixed permeability with a shifting Na gradient)
olfactory receptors are voltage sensitive neurons (fixed Na gradient with shifting permeability)
what part of the thalamus is responsible for shivering?
dorsomedial posterior hypothalamus
sweat gland innervation
Sympathetic cholinergic: Ach binds mAchR
