Exam 2 Memorization Flashcards
composition of CSF compared to serum
CSF is more acidic
serum has more proteins, glucose, and a higher pH
what mediates the sympathetic response of vasoconstriction in the cerebrum
NE and NPY
where is glut3 found?
neurons
where is glut5 found?
microglia
what are the 4 circumventricular organs?
posterior pituitary
area postrema (vomiting)
organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) (thirst)
subfornical organ
where are the neurons that make Ach found
stream of basal ganglia (voluntary motion)
midbrain and pons (baseline cortex excitation and REM)
M1, M3, and M5
Gq; IP3/DAG leading to increased calcium
M2 and M4
Gi; decrease AC activity
where is GAT-1 found
pre synaptic terminal
where is GAT-2 found
glial cells surrounding the synapse
why is it important for GAT-2 to transform GABA to inactive glutamine instead of glutamate
keep metabolic pool of AA separate from NT pool of AA
GABA-A
ionotropic receptor (Cl-) produces IPSP in neurons
benzodiazepine, ethanol, and steroids potentate
GABA-B
metabotropic receptor (Gi) that activates a K+ channel and inhibits Ca channels
Glycine receptor
ionotropic (Cl-) creates IPSP; ethanol and general anesthesia potentiate
Strychnine antagonizes the receptor preventing its inhibitory functions
P1 (A) receptor function
metabotropic; adenosine only
pre-synaptic leads to inhibition of NT release
post synaptic leads to sleep induction and neural fxn
P2X receptor function
inotropic; ATP only
learning and memory and locomotor pathway modification
P2Y receptor function
metabotropic (Gs/Gq); ATP, ADP, UTP, and UDP
learning and memory and locomotor pathway modification
what are the 4 precursors to opiods
propiomelanocortinin (PCOM) for beta endorphins
Pro-encephalin (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu/Met)
Pro-dynorphin (3 x Leu-enkephalin)
Orphanin FQ (nociceptin)
Mu receptor function
metabotropic opioid receptor
analgesia, respiratory depression, euphoria, constipation, and sedation
kappa receptor function
metabotropic opioid receptor
analgesia and dysphoria (bad feelings)
delta receptor function
metabotropic opioid receptor
analgesia
what opioid receptor leads to an increase in potassium efflux and hyperpolarization?
Mu
what opioid receptor decreases calcium influx?
kappa and delta
endocannabinoid distribution and function
basal ganglia - mood and motor performance
SC - pain
Cortex - neuroprotection
where is CB1 receptor and what is its function
pre-synaptic of EAA and GABA synapses
prevents EAA and GABA release via Gi proteins
Where is CB2 receptor and what is its function
microglia in brain
anti-inflammatory action and removal of B-amyloid plaque
What are the NTs of the EAA system
glutamate and aspartate
NMDA receptor functions
allows calcium influx and has multiple regulation sites
glycine binding site, magnesium binding site, PCP binding site
both voltage and ligand gated
Kainate receptor function
EAAs bind allowing Na and some Ca to enter
what physiologic functions do non-NMDA receptors have
primary sensory afferents and UMN
what physiology roles do NMDA receptors have
short and long term memory formation; synaptic plasticity
group 1 EAA metabotropic receptors
Gq - learning and memory
group 2 EAA metabotropic receptors
Gi - learning and memory
Calcium influx on NMDA receptors
Ca binds calcineurin and activates NO synthase to make NO; NO dissolves out and acts presynpatically to increase NT release
neural functions of NO
long term potentiation and memory
CV and respiratory control in pons and medulla
4 effects of high calcium
increase in phospholipase A activity: releases arachidonic acid as 2nd messenger leading to elF2alpha-kinase activation and mitochondrial dysfunction
activation of mu-calpain: proteolytic enzyme that destroys proteins leading to metabolic and structural impairments
activation of calcineurin: excess NO production and ROS
activation of apoptotic pathway: release of calcium from intracellular stores causes caspase 9 release and activation of caspase 3
4 effects of high calcium
increase in phospholipase A activity: releases arachidonic acid as 2nd messenger leading to elF2alpha-kinase activation and mitochondrial dysfunction
activation of mu-calpain: proteolytic enzyme that destroys proteins leading to metabolic and structural impairments
activation of calcineurin: excess NO production and ROS
activation of apoptotic pathway: release of calcium from intracellular stores causes caspase 9 release and activation of caspase 3
where is the RAS and what provides its input
mid ventral portion of medulla and midbrain
all ascending sensory tracts along with trigeminal, auditory, and visual
dorsal pathway from RAS
traverse through non-specific nuclei of the thalamus (Intralaminar nucleus of the thalamus)
ventral pathway from RAS
via basal forebrain and hypothalamus to higher cortex but SKIPS THALAMUS
parabrachial nuclei location
pons; crucial for arousal; ONLY VENTRAL PATHWAY (no thalamus)
Key NT for EAA pathways (RAS and parabrachial)
glutamate
Cholinergic pathway of arousal
PPT/LDT nuclei in pons
ventral and dorsal pathways
Acetylcholine
what systems take someone from coma to arousal
EAA/Ach (cholinergic)
what nucleus is responsible for noradrenergic arousal
locus ceruleus in the pons
where does the LC receive input from
paragigantoceullularis nucleus, PAG, and higher centers like cortex
function of the LC noradrenergic system
startle and alerting responses on the EEG along with sleep/wake cycles
what nucleus is responsible for serotonergic arousal
raphe nuclei in the pons
where does the Raphe Nucleus receive input from
SC, trigeminal, and PAG
function of Raphe Nuclei and serotenergic system
quiet awareness, mood and affect, and modulation of pain
what systems are needed to go from arousal to aware
NE and 5HT
Where is the nucleus for the dopaminergic arousal system
Ventral tegmental area VTA in midbrain
functions of dopaminergic arousal system
cognitive functions, motor activity, and emotion
functions of dopaminergic arousal system
cognitive functions, motor activity, and emotion
meissner corpuscle
RA for tap and flutter with a small field
hair follicle receptors
RA or SA for motion and direction
pacinian corpuscles
RA for vibration with a large field
Ruffini corpuscle
SA for skin stretch with a large field
merkel disc
SA for touch and pressure
peptidergic free nerve endings
express neuropeptides substance P and CGRP
respond to NGF
non-peptidergic nerve endings
responsive to GDNF
diabetic neuropathy
TRPV1
capsaicin and heat
TRPM8
menthol
TRPA1
allyl isothiocyanate
what innervates nuclear chain fiber and nuclear bag fiber
both 1a fibers
chain also type II fiber but only for muscle length
cortex damage leading to uncontrolled brainstem facilitatory region
gamma MN increase leading to spasticity and decerbrate posturing
what do strokes in the internal capsule lead to
decorticate posturing and rigidity
