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Neuro > Exam 2 Memorization > Flashcards

Exam 2 Memorization Flashcards

1
Q

composition of CSF compared to serum

A

CSF is more acidic

serum has more proteins, glucose, and a higher pH

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2
Q

what mediates the sympathetic response of vasoconstriction in the cerebrum

A

NE and NPY

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3
Q

where is glut3 found?

A

neurons

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4
Q

where is glut5 found?

A

microglia

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5
Q

what are the 4 circumventricular organs?

A

posterior pituitary

area postrema (vomiting)

organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) (thirst)

subfornical organ

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6
Q

where are the neurons that make Ach found

A

stream of basal ganglia (voluntary motion)

midbrain and pons (baseline cortex excitation and REM)

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7
Q

M1, M3, and M5

A

Gq; IP3/DAG leading to increased calcium

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8
Q

M2 and M4

A

Gi; decrease AC activity

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9
Q

where is GAT-1 found

A

pre synaptic terminal

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10
Q

where is GAT-2 found

A

glial cells surrounding the synapse

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11
Q

why is it important for GAT-2 to transform GABA to inactive glutamine instead of glutamate

A

keep metabolic pool of AA separate from NT pool of AA

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12
Q

GABA-A

A

ionotropic receptor (Cl-) produces IPSP in neurons

benzodiazepine, ethanol, and steroids potentate

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13
Q

GABA-B

A

metabotropic receptor (Gi) that activates a K+ channel and inhibits Ca channels

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14
Q

Glycine receptor

A

ionotropic (Cl-) creates IPSP; ethanol and general anesthesia potentiate

Strychnine antagonizes the receptor preventing its inhibitory functions

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15
Q

P1 (A) receptor function

A

metabotropic; adenosine only
pre-synaptic leads to inhibition of NT release
post synaptic leads to sleep induction and neural fxn

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16
Q

P2X receptor function

A

inotropic; ATP only

learning and memory and locomotor pathway modification

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17
Q

P2Y receptor function

A

metabotropic (Gs/Gq); ATP, ADP, UTP, and UDP

learning and memory and locomotor pathway modification

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18
Q

what are the 4 precursors to opiods

A

propiomelanocortinin (PCOM) for beta endorphins
Pro-encephalin (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu/Met)
Pro-dynorphin (3 x Leu-enkephalin)
Orphanin FQ (nociceptin)

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19
Q

Mu receptor function

A

metabotropic opioid receptor

analgesia, respiratory depression, euphoria, constipation, and sedation

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20
Q

kappa receptor function

A

metabotropic opioid receptor

analgesia and dysphoria (bad feelings)

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21
Q

delta receptor function

A

metabotropic opioid receptor

analgesia

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22
Q

what opioid receptor leads to an increase in potassium efflux and hyperpolarization?

A

Mu

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23
Q

what opioid receptor decreases calcium influx?

A

kappa and delta

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24
Q

endocannabinoid distribution and function

A

basal ganglia - mood and motor performance
SC - pain
Cortex - neuroprotection

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25
Q

where is CB1 receptor and what is its function

A

pre-synaptic of EAA and GABA synapses

prevents EAA and GABA release via Gi proteins

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26
Q

Where is CB2 receptor and what is its function

A

microglia in brain

anti-inflammatory action and removal of B-amyloid plaque

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27
Q

What are the NTs of the EAA system

A

glutamate and aspartate

28
Q

NMDA receptor functions

A

allows calcium influx and has multiple regulation sites

glycine binding site, magnesium binding site, PCP binding site

both voltage and ligand gated

29
Q

Kainate receptor function

A

EAAs bind allowing Na and some Ca to enter

30
Q

what physiologic functions do non-NMDA receptors have

A

primary sensory afferents and UMN

31
Q

what physiology roles do NMDA receptors have

A

short and long term memory formation; synaptic plasticity

32
Q

group 1 EAA metabotropic receptors

A

Gq - learning and memory

33
Q

group 2 EAA metabotropic receptors

A

Gi - learning and memory

34
Q

Calcium influx on NMDA receptors

A

Ca binds calcineurin and activates NO synthase to make NO; NO dissolves out and acts presynpatically to increase NT release

35
Q

neural functions of NO

A

long term potentiation and memory

CV and respiratory control in pons and medulla

36
Q

4 effects of high calcium

A

increase in phospholipase A activity: releases arachidonic acid as 2nd messenger leading to elF2alpha-kinase activation and mitochondrial dysfunction

activation of mu-calpain: proteolytic enzyme that destroys proteins leading to metabolic and structural impairments

activation of calcineurin: excess NO production and ROS

activation of apoptotic pathway: release of calcium from intracellular stores causes caspase 9 release and activation of caspase 3

37
Q

4 effects of high calcium

A

increase in phospholipase A activity: releases arachidonic acid as 2nd messenger leading to elF2alpha-kinase activation and mitochondrial dysfunction

activation of mu-calpain: proteolytic enzyme that destroys proteins leading to metabolic and structural impairments

activation of calcineurin: excess NO production and ROS

activation of apoptotic pathway: release of calcium from intracellular stores causes caspase 9 release and activation of caspase 3

38
Q

where is the RAS and what provides its input

A

mid ventral portion of medulla and midbrain

all ascending sensory tracts along with trigeminal, auditory, and visual

39
Q

dorsal pathway from RAS

A

traverse through non-specific nuclei of the thalamus (Intralaminar nucleus of the thalamus)

40
Q

ventral pathway from RAS

A

via basal forebrain and hypothalamus to higher cortex but SKIPS THALAMUS

41
Q

parabrachial nuclei location

A

pons; crucial for arousal; ONLY VENTRAL PATHWAY (no thalamus)

42
Q

Key NT for EAA pathways (RAS and parabrachial)

A

glutamate

43
Q

Cholinergic pathway of arousal

A

PPT/LDT nuclei in pons
ventral and dorsal pathways
Acetylcholine

44
Q

what systems take someone from coma to arousal

A

EAA/Ach (cholinergic)

45
Q

what nucleus is responsible for noradrenergic arousal

A

locus ceruleus in the pons

46
Q

where does the LC receive input from

A

paragigantoceullularis nucleus, PAG, and higher centers like cortex

47
Q

function of the LC noradrenergic system

A

startle and alerting responses on the EEG along with sleep/wake cycles

48
Q

what nucleus is responsible for serotonergic arousal

A

raphe nuclei in the pons

49
Q

where does the Raphe Nucleus receive input from

A

SC, trigeminal, and PAG

50
Q

function of Raphe Nuclei and serotenergic system

A

quiet awareness, mood and affect, and modulation of pain

51
Q

what systems are needed to go from arousal to aware

A

NE and 5HT

52
Q

Where is the nucleus for the dopaminergic arousal system

A

Ventral tegmental area VTA in midbrain

53
Q

functions of dopaminergic arousal system

A

cognitive functions, motor activity, and emotion

54
Q

functions of dopaminergic arousal system

A

cognitive functions, motor activity, and emotion

55
Q

meissner corpuscle

A

RA for tap and flutter with a small field

56
Q

hair follicle receptors

A

RA or SA for motion and direction

57
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A

RA for vibration with a large field

58
Q

Ruffini corpuscle

A

SA for skin stretch with a large field

59
Q

merkel disc

A

SA for touch and pressure

60
Q

peptidergic free nerve endings

A

express neuropeptides substance P and CGRP

respond to NGF

61
Q

non-peptidergic nerve endings

A

responsive to GDNF

diabetic neuropathy

62
Q

TRPV1

A

capsaicin and heat

63
Q

TRPM8

A

menthol

64
Q

TRPA1

A

allyl isothiocyanate

65
Q

what innervates nuclear chain fiber and nuclear bag fiber

A

both 1a fibers

chain also type II fiber but only for muscle length

66
Q

cortex damage leading to uncontrolled brainstem facilitatory region

A

gamma MN increase leading to spasticity and decerbrate posturing

67
Q

what do strokes in the internal capsule lead to

A

decorticate posturing and rigidity

Neuro (14 decks)

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