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Neuro > Exam 3 Anatomy Memorization > Flashcards

Exam 3 Anatomy Memorization Flashcards

1
Q

what cells are founding the molecular layer of the cerebellum

A

basket and stellate cells

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2
Q

what is the only excitatory neuron in the cerebellum

A

granule cells

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3
Q

what region bypasses the deep cerebellar nuclei and leaves from the inferior peduncle

A

vestibulocerebellum

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4
Q

vestibular neuritis

A

severe vertigo, nausea, vomiting but no hearing loss

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5
Q

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

A

brief vertigo episodes with changes in body position due to otoconia crystals lodged in the cupula of the semicircular canal

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6
Q

what synapses at the nucleus dorsalis of clark

A

1st order neurons of the posterior spinocerebellar tract ascending in the gracile fasciculus

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7
Q

superior cerebellar peduncle function

A

efferent route from globose, emboliform, and dentate nuclei

afferent from anterior spinocerebellar tract

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8
Q

middle cerebellar peduncle function

A

largest and carries afferent fibers from the pontine nuclei up to the cortex

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9
Q

inferior cerebellar peduncle function

A

afferent pathways from the spinal cord (posterior spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar)

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10
Q

what afferents innervate receptor cells in the vestibular organ

A

vestibular ganglion or Scarpa ganglion

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11
Q

disruption of normal endolymph volume leading to endolymphatic hydrops

A

Meniere’s Disease

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12
Q

what route do vestibular afferents take

A

enter at PMJ, traverse the restiform body (inferior cerebellar peduncle) and branch to ascending and descending fibers

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13
Q

where do afferents from the semicircular canals (ampulla) generally project to

A

superior and medial vestibular nuclei

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14
Q

where do afferents from the otolith organs (maculae) generally project to

A

lateral, medial, and inferior vestibular nuclei

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15
Q

where do saccular afferents project to

A

contralateral oculomotor nucleus and influence vertical eye movements

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16
Q

area 2v and 3a

A

primary somatosensory cortex

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17
Q

area 7

A

parietal cortex for spatial orientation

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18
Q

insular areas of lateral sulcus and the parietoinsular vestibular Cortex (PIVC)

A

cells respond to body motion; lesions lead to vertigo and loss of perception for visual vertical

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19
Q

prefrontal cortex and superior frontal gyrus

A

vestibular eye signals related to frontal eye field

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20
Q

where is the object of attention focused and centered to in the retina

A

fovea centralis and macula lutea

optic disc is medial to macula lutea

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21
Q

Magnocellular layers of the LGN

A

layers 1 and 2; with large rod inputs that have large receptive fields; rapidly conducting for moving objects

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22
Q

Parvocellular layers of LGN

A

layers 3-6; small cone input with small receptive fields; stationary stimuli with high acuity

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23
Q

temporal retina axons terminate where

A

2, 3, and 5 of LGN ipsilaterally

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24
Q

nasal retina axons terminate where

A

1, 4, and 6 of LGN contralterally

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25
Q

where do fibers from the lower quadrant of contralateral hemifields originate and target

A

Dorsomedial LGN; through retrolenticular limb of IC and target superior bank of calcarine sulcus on the cuneus

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26
Q

where do fibers from upper quadrant of contralateral hemifields originate and target

A

ventrolateral LGN; arch up into white matter of temporal lobe making Meyer loop and target inferior bank of calacarine sulcus on the lingual gyrus

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27
Q

area 17

A

primary visual cortex

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28
Q

areas 18 and 19

A

visual association cortex; in parieto-occipitaq-temporal area

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29
Q

what spatial directs head/eye movements and visual reflexes (brainstem)

A

superior colliculus

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30
Q

what area is important for the pupillary light reflex

A

pretectal area

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31
Q

most likely areas for congruous lesions

A

posterior near cortex

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32
Q

associative visual agnosia

A

damage to left occipital lobe and posterior corpus callosum; leads to patient not being able to name or describe an object but can still use it

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33
Q

composition of the striatum

A

caudate - eye movement

putamen - motor

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34
Q

lenticular nucleus composition

A

putamen

globus pallidus - main output

35
Q

what joins to form the thalamic fasciculus and enters the thalamus

A 
lenticular fasciculus (through posterior limb of IC)
ansa lenticularis (under post limb of IC)
36
Q

Parkinson Disease

A

neurons from substantial migration do not release enough dopamine; leads to tremor, rigidity, and problems moving

37
Q

Hypokinetic disorders

A

too little direct pathway and too much indirect pathway

hypokinesia and akinesis

38
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

AD disorder leading to degeneration of neurons in the striatum and cerebral cortex leading to decreased GABA; trouble maintaining tongue protrusion and random flailing and jerky movements

39
Q

hyperkinetic disorder

A

too little indirect pathway effects

40
Q

athetosis

A

cannot sustain body part in one position

41
Q

ballismus

A

flailing of entire extremity; contralateral subthalamic nucleus lesion

42
Q

dystonia

A

persistence of posture at an extreme of an athetoid movement

43
Q

where are the cell bodies of the cochlear part of CN 8

A

spiral ganglion; enter brainstem at PMJ and divide to ascending and descending branches before synapsing on cochlear nuclei

44
Q

where do ascending bundles of the cochlear nerve synapse

A

anterior ventral cochlear nucleus

45
Q

where do descending bundles of the cochlear nerve synapse

A

posterior division of the ventral cochlear nucleus and the dorsal cochlear nucleus

46
Q

function of dorsal cochlear nucleus

A

identifying sound source elevation and complex characteristics

47
Q

function of the ventral cochlear nucleus

A

horizontal localization of sound; anterior and posterior divisions

48
Q

blood supply to the cochlea and auditory nuclei of the pons and medulla

A

basilar artery

49
Q

blood supply of the inner ear and cochlear nuclei

A

labyrinthine artery off of the AICA

50
Q

what does occlusion of AICA result in

A

monaural hearing loss along with ipsilateral facial palsy and inability to look towards the side of the lesion

51
Q

blood supply of superior olivary complex and lateral lemniscus

A

short circumferential branches of the basilar artery

52
Q

blood supply of the inferior colliculus

A

superior cerebellar and quadrigeminal

53
Q

blood supply of medial geniculate bodies

A

thalamogeniculate arteries

54
Q

blood supply of primary auditory and association cortices

A

M2 segment of middle cerebral artery

55
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

comprehension of written and spoken language

56
Q

Broca’s area

A

instruction for language output, planning movements to speak, and grammatical function of words

57
Q

Area analogous to Wernicke’s

A

nonverbal signs from people interpretation

58
Q

area analogous to Broca’s

A

instructions to produce non verbal communication (emotion gestures)

59
Q

dorsal premotor cortex function in speech

A

motor programs for articulation

60
Q

arcuate fasciculus function

A

word repetition

61
Q

lateral temporal cortex function

A

semantic knowledge and word recognition or meaning

62
Q

Broca area function

A

word processing, grammar, word production, and articulation

63
Q

Wernicke area function

A

word representation and word retrieval

64
Q

auditory agnosia

A

inability to describe a sound that has been heard; must be a sensory association cortex lesion bilaterally

65
Q

global aphasia

A

non-fluent lesion of lateral sulcus leading to problems reading, writing, and speaking and understanding

66
Q

Transcortical aphasia

A

similar to wernicke’s where they cannot understand but can still repeat; damage at the ACA/MCA border

67
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

lesion of the supra marginal gyrus and arcuate fasciciulus; cannot repeat but fluency is intact

68
Q

where do the frontal eye fields and superior colliculus project to in the saccadic horizontal system

A

paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) or the horizontal gaze center CONTRALATERALLY

69
Q

where do the axons travel to in the saccadic system after the PPRF

A

ipsilaterally (after initial crossing) abducens nucleus and crosses back to the original side in the MLF to the oculomotor nucleus

70
Q

where do the frontal eye fields and superior colliculus project to in the saccadic vertical system

A

rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF) or the vertical gaze center

71
Q

lesion at red nucleus

A

cannot look down

72
Q

lesion at riMLF

A

cannot look up

73
Q

nucleus prepositus hypoglossi

A

found in pons

tonic cells for locking on in the horizontal saccadic system

74
Q

interstitial nucleus of cajal

A

found in midbrain

tonic cells for locking on in the vertical saccadic system

75
Q

ominpause cells of the Raphe nuclei

A

found in the RF

inhibit burst neurons so no more neuronal firing in saccadic system

76
Q

smooth pursuit pathway

A 
parieto-occipital junction
pontine nuclei in pons
CONTRALATERAL vestibulocerebellum (flocconodular lobe)
medial vestibular nuclei
cross back to abducens nucleus
cross to other side oculomotor nucleus
77
Q

lesion of parietal lobe leads to

A

loss of smooth pursuit movements towards the side of the lesion

no optokinetic nystagmus when tape is moved towards damaged lobe

78
Q

internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO)

A

impaired horizontal eye movements
weak adduction of affected eye
abduction nystagmus of contralateral eye

due to lesion in MLF of the pons or midbrain

79
Q

what part of the brainstem is responsible for the baroreceptor reflex

A

rostral ventrolateral medulla

80
Q

Central or pre-ganglionic lesion in horners syndrome

A

anhidrosis
pupil dilates to drugs that cause NOR release
no response to alpha-agonists
before cervical ganglion

81
Q

post-ganglionic lesion in Horner’s syndrome

A

normal sweating
no pupil dilation to drugs causing NOR release
pupil dilates to alpha-agonists
superior cervical ganglion or cavernous sinus lesion

82
Q

what is in charge of the voluntary control of micturition

A

medial frontal cortex which sends inhibitory signals to inhibit the pontine micturition center

83
Q

spastic bladder

A

lesions of pontine micturition center and sacral SC
often with MS
decreased bladder volume with increased pressure

basically contraction of detrusor and external sphincter are not coordinated

Neuro (14 decks)

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