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Geology: How the Earth Works > Exam 3 part 4 > Flashcards

Exam 3 part 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Besides sewage, what are 4 other types of ground water contamination?

A

1) Highway salt
2) Fertilizers
3) Pesticides
4) Chemical and industry materials

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2
Q

Is ground water acidic?

A

It is mildly acidic due to carbon acid that it gets from decaying plants and rainwater that dissolved carbon dioxide in the air

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3
Q

What is hard water?

A

water with a lot of calcium bicarbonate

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4
Q

What happens when carbonic acid reacts with the calcite of limestone in the ground?

A

It will create calcium bicarbonate

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5
Q

How are most caverns created?

A

After the water table has been lowered enough for these caves to appear, acidic ground water dissolves soluble rock at or just below the zone of saturation

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6
Q

Where do caverns form?

A

In the aeration zone

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7
Q

What are drip stones?

A

They are tavertine, calciate deposited as dripping water evaporates

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8
Q

What are dripstones called collectively?

A

they are called speleothems

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9
Q

What are stalactites?

A

They are the drip like stones that hang from the ceiling of a cavern

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10
Q

What are stalagmites?

A

They are tavertine that forms on the floor

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11
Q

Over time what do stalactites and stalagmites do?

A

they will form a column

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12
Q

what is karst topography?

A

Landscapes that have been shaped mainly by dissolving power of groundwater

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13
Q

What are 3 common features of karst topography?

A

1) Irregular terrain
2) Sinkholes
3) Striking lack of surface drainage (streams)

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14
Q

karst topography doesn’t seem to have streams, why?

A

They are underground

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15
Q

What are the two basic cycles of glaciers?

A

1) Rock cycle

2) Hydrologic cycle

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16
Q

What is a glacier?

A

A thick mass of ice that orginates on land from the accumulaction compaction and recrystallization of snow

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17
Q

Why don’t we have glaciers if we do have snow and it does get cold?

A

Because the cold and the snow need to be perennial

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18
Q

What are the two major types of ice glaciers?

A

Alpine (Valley) glaciers and Continental (Ice sheet) glaciers

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19
Q

What is an Alpine/Valley glacier?

A

It is a glacier that forms in mountainous areas, they flow downwards a valley from an accumulation center at its head

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20
Q

What is a Ice sheet/continental glacier?

A

It’s a glacier that is much larger than an alpine/valley glacier, they flow in all directions from one or more snow accumulation centers

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21
Q

What are two major ice sheets in the world?

A

Greenland and Antarctica

22
Q

Both deltas and alluvial fans reflect deposition due to a drop in stream velocity, true or false?

A

True

23
Q

A descending mass moving as a viscous turbulant fluid is?

A

A flow

24
Q

A streams _____ is the key to its ability to erode, transport, and deposit material?

A

Velocity

25
Q

The driving force for mass wasting is?

A

Gravity

26
Q

How much of the world’s water is held in glaciers?

A

Slightly more than 2% of the world’s water is tied up in the glaciers

27
Q

If all of the ice melted how much would the sea level rise?

A

60-70 meters would rise

28
Q

Where do glaciers form?

A

They form in areas where there is more snow in the winter than what melts during the summer

29
Q

What are the three steps to the formation of glacial ice?

A

1) Air infiltrates the snow (Making porosity)
2) Snow flakes become smaller, thicker and more sphere like (Firn)
3) Air is forced out

30
Q

What is firn?

A

It is snow that has recrystalized into a much denser mass of smaller grains, which is firn

31
Q

At what point does firn become glacial?

A

Once the thickness of the ice and snow exceeds 50 meters it fuses into a solid mass of interlocking crystals

32
Q

How can you tell how old a glacial mass is?

A

Once the firn becomes interlocking ice crystals, gas gets trapped in the process and buried over time, this can determine the age of the ice mass

33
Q

How is glacier movement referred to? and how many types are there?

A

As a flow.

1) Plastic flow (Movement within the ice itself, plastic like, below zone of fracture)
2) Basal slip (Ice moves along rock. Thought to be how most glacial ice moves

34
Q

What is the zone of fracture?

A

It’s the top half of the glacial ice. The top 50 meters, where it’s brittle and is carried along the bottom half which has a more plastic like nature.

35
Q

How quickly do glaciers move?

A

It depends, they could move so slowly that roots in trees can form and others could move several meters a year.

36
Q

What are surges?

A

When a glacial ice structure has an extremely rapid movement.

37
Q

What is the zone of accumulation?

A

It’s where the area of the glacier forms, where the snow falls.

38
Q

What is the zone of wastage?

A

The area where there is a net loss to the glacier due to

1) Melting
2) Calving (The breaking off of large pieces of ice)

39
Q

Where does most calving occur?

A

Where the glacier has reached the sea

40
Q

What is the glacial budget?

A

The balance or lack of balance, between accumulation at the upper end of the glacier and the loss at the lower end.

41
Q

If there is more accumulation than there is loss, what happens?

A

the front (Accumulation end) will advance forward.

42
Q

What is ablation?

A

The loss of the glacier

43
Q

What are the two ways that glaciers can erode land?

A

1) Plucking (Lifting of rocks)

2) Abrasion (Rocks within the ice act like sandpaper to smooth and polish the surface below

44
Q

What are eratics?

A

A rock or piece of sediment that ends up where they couldn’t have possibly originate (Because of glaciers)

45
Q

What is rock flour and glacial striations?

A

Rock flour is produced by glacial abrasion (Pulverized rock) and glacial striations are grooves in bedrock

46
Q

What are the 3 different types of landforms created by glacial erosion?

A

1) Glacial trough (V shape going into a U after water freezes to ice then unfreezes)
2) Truncated spurs (Triangular cliffs)
3) Hanging valleys (Frozen water falls)

47
Q

What is glacial drift?

A

Refers to all sediment of glacial origin

48
Q

What are 2 types of glacial drift?

A

1) till: Material that is unsorted and deposited directly by the ice
2) Statified drift: Sediment laid down by glacial melt water

49
Q

What is a lateral moraine and what is a medial moraine?

A

a lateral moraine is when the ridges of till are parallel to the sides of the valley, a medial moraines form when the lateral moraines merge

50
Q

What is a ground moraine?

A

Ground moraines are till-covered areas with irregular topography and no ridges, often forming gently rolling hills or plains.

51
Q

What are drumlins?

A

They are made of till, smooth parallel hills, steep side faces the direction which the ice advanced, occurs in clusters

52
Q

What are outwash plains?

A

made by stratified drift and are deposited by melted water leaving a glacier at the edge of moraines

Geology: How the Earth Works (11 decks)

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