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Geology: How the Earth Works > Exam 2 part 3 > Flashcards

Exam 2 part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens when a volcano goes extinct?

A

The tectonic around it become unmovable

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2
Q

Where are most volcanoes located?

A

Either in or near ocean basins

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3
Q

Basaltic rocks are oceanic or continental?

A

They are both

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4
Q

Where is the greatest volume of volcanic rocks formed?

A

At oceanic ridges

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5
Q

What happens when the lithosphere is being pulled apart?

A

Decompression melting occurs at the mantle and large quantities of basaltic magma is produced

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6
Q

Where is the world’s most explosive volcanoes and what is their composition?

A

The ring of fire and their composition is andesite

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7
Q

What is all around the pacific basin?

A

Subduction zones

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8
Q

What is intraplate volcanism?

A

When a volcano occurs within a tectonic plate instead of at the edge of the plate

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9
Q

How is it possible for a volcano to occur in the middle of a tectonic plate?

A

It is possible through mantle plumes creating a hot spot

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10
Q

What does a intraplate volcano produce?

A

Basaltic magma sources in the oceanic crust, can even form land such as Hawaii and Iceland

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11
Q

How many hotspots are there is the world?

A

There are over 20

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12
Q

How do igneous rocks form definition/texture?

A

Through cooling and solidification

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13
Q

What creates soil?

A

The weathering of rocks at the surface, their physical break down is what makes soil

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14
Q

What are the 3 external processes of weathering?

A

1) Weathering
2) Erosion
3) Mass wasting

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15
Q

What is erosion and what are the four processes of it?

A

It is the physical removal of material by mobile agents such as water/wind/ice/gravity.

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16
Q

What is mass wasting?

A

The transfer of rock and soil down slope under the influence of gravity.

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17
Q

What is the difference between disintegration and decomposition?

A

Disintegration is the physical break down of material and decomposition is the chemical alteration of materials

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18
Q

What is the most common land form transportation agent?

A

Rivers

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19
Q

What is the first thing to happen after weathering takes place?

A

Gravity

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20
Q

What are creeps and what do they do?

A

They are land movements, they’re no threat to human life but they do cause more damage than any landslide

21
Q

What are the two types of weathering?

A

Mechanical and Chemical

22
Q

What are the 4 types of mechanical weathering?

A

1) Frost wedging
2) Unloading
3) Thermal expansion
4) Biology activity

23
Q

What is unloading?

A

Pressure being released and causing the rock to crack

24
Q

What is thermal heat in weathering?

A

As the rock gets hotter it starts to expand on the outside and causing the material to crack

25
Q

What is the most important chemical weathering agent?

A

Water. It is responsible for the transport of ions molecules involved in chemical process

26
Q

What is the most common mineral group?

A

Feldspar (Silicate)

27
Q

What is an important byproduct of chemical weathering

A

Clay

28
Q

What are the 3 major processes of chemical weathering and what do they do?

A

1) Dissolution (Small amounts of acid in water)
2) Oxidation (Electrons lost from one element/rust)
3) Hydrolysis (Reaction of any substance in water)

29
Q

What is the most stable form of chemical weathering?

A

Spheroidal weathering, where something is turned into a sphere and gets smaller and smaller

30
Q

What are the 3 factors affecting weathering?

A

1) Surface area (Deterioration)
2) Climate (Temperature and moisture)
3) Differential weathering (rocks don’t weather at same time)

31
Q

What rocks are easy to deteriorate in water/acid?

A

Anything with calcite

32
Q

What is the most effective factor of chemical weathering?

A

Climate/temperature and moisture

33
Q

What are the 4 parts to soil

A

1) Air
2) Minerals
3) Water
4) Organic matter

34
Q

What is regolith?

A

Mineral fragments produced by weathering, they help support the growth of plants

35
Q

What is humus and why is it important?

A

Decayed animal and plant remains, essential component to regolith

36
Q

What are pores?

A

They are water and air spaces in the soil

37
Q

What are the five things that can affect soil composition?

A

1) Parent material
2) Time
3) Climate
4) Plants and animals
5) Topography

38
Q

What is the difference between residual and transported soil?

A

Residual soil is soil that has the clay and quartz left over from just weathered bedrock. Transported soil is soil that transports onto sediment

39
Q

What does it mean when you are describing climate as a factor that can affect soil composition?

A

Climate basically describes the temperature and water that your soil has within it’s region

40
Q

What do plants and animals do to a soil’s composition?

A

They influence the soil’s physical and chemical properties

41
Q

How does topography change a soil’s composition?

A

If the topography around the soil is steep, like a steep slope then the soil will be poorly developed

42
Q

What is the best topography for soil?

A

Flat to undulating upland surface

43
Q

What’s the most important plant to affect soil composition and what is the most important animal to affect soil composition?

A

Plant: Leaves
Animal: Worms

44
Q

Why do steep slopes have poorly developed soils?

A

Because the gravity pulls material down before is can become soil

45
Q

Name the 6 soil horizons in order.

A

1) O
2) A
3) E
4) B
5) C
6) R

46
Q

What does each soil horizon represent?

A 
O and A: Top soil
E: Leaching area
B: Accumulation
C: Parent Material 
R: Bedrock
47
Q

What type of soil is north Ohio and why?

A

It’s transported soil from glacial till.

48
Q

What are the 4 things that the natural rates of soil erosion depend on?

A

1) Soil characteristics
2) Climate
3) Slope
4) Type of vegetation

49
Q

Is there more soil erosion than there is soil formation?

A

Yes.

Geology: How the Earth Works (11 decks)

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