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Geology: How the Earth Works > Exam 3 part 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two possible methods of stream formation?

A

1) Antecedent stream

2) Superposed stream

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2
Q

What is an antecedent stream?

A

It’s a stream that existed before the ridge was formed

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3
Q

What is a Superposed stream?

A

A stream let down upon a preexisting structure

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4
Q

What would we do with water gaps?

A

We would build trains and roads to follow the gaps for convince

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5
Q

What is the most common and most destructive geological hazard?

A

Floods

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6
Q

What are 4 types of floods?

A

1) Regional floods (Flat land)
2) Flash floods (V-shaped)
3) Ice-jam floods (Broken ice on river
4) Dam failure (humans dammit)

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7
Q

What are four different ways to control floods?

A

1) Engineering efforts
2) Artifical Levees
3) Flood-Control dams
4) Channelization

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8
Q

What is the largest reservoir of fresh water available to humans?

A

Ground water

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9
Q

Where is ground water found?

A

It is found in the pores of soil and sediment plus narrow fractures in bedrock

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10
Q

What is the difference between ground water and the zone of saturation?

A

They are the same thing

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11
Q

If you remove ground water, what do you risk?

A

You risk:
Creating sinkholes
Creating Caverns
Upsetting the balance of stream flow

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12
Q

Is soil moisture ground water?

A

No.

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13
Q

What is soil moisture?

A

Water held by molecular attachment on soil particles in the near-surface zone

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14
Q

How is the saturation zone created?

A

Through water the percolates downwards to the water table, it reaches a zone where sediment and rock are completely filled with water

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15
Q

Where is the water table?

A

It is located between the zone of aeration (vadose zone) and the saturation zone. It is the upper limit of the zone of saturation

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16
Q

Is ground water still?

A

No

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17
Q

What is the capillary fringe?

A

It a zone just above the water table, it extends upwards to fill in pores

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18
Q

How is ground water held in?

A

By surface tension

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19
Q

What is the zone of Aeration?

A

It is the zone below the belt of soil moisture and above the water table, includes the capillary fringe.

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20
Q

Can you find ground water in the desert?

A

Yes

21
Q

Can the water table vary?

A

Yes, it can vary from depth as well as seasonably and from year to year

22
Q

What is the water tables shape?

A

Usually a replica of the surface topography

23
Q

How can streams interact with ground water?

A

A stream can gain water from ground water through the stream bed or it can lose water to ground water through the stream bed, there’s also in some cases where it can lose in some places and gain in others

24
Q

What is the percentage defintion of porosity?

A

Percentage of total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces

25
Q

How do you calculate porosity?

A

Pore volume / total volume

26
Q

If the porosity is above 50% then what happens to the grains?

A

They no longer touch each other

27
Q

What is an aquitard?

A

An aquitard is a zone within the Earth that restricts the flow of groundwater from one aquifer to another. (Such as clay)

28
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

Permeable rock strata or sediment that transmits ground water freely (Such as sand and gravels)

29
Q

How quickly does ground water move?

A

Not quickly, few centimeters a day

30
Q

What is Darcy’s law?

A

The law says that if permeability stays the same then ground water movement will increase if the slope increases

31
Q

What moves ground water?

A

1) Darcy’s law

2) Hydraulic head/gravity

32
Q

What is the hydraulic head?

A

It’s the vertical difference between the recharge and discharge points, The larger the gradient the more gravity

33
Q

How is the movement of ground water measured?

A

1) Colored dyes

2) Carbon 14

34
Q

How do springs occur?

A

When the water table intersects with the earth’s surface, it’s a natural outflow of groundwater

35
Q

What is a localized zone of saturation?

A

A perched water table

36
Q

How is a perched water table created?

A

By an aquitard

37
Q

How warm are hot springs?

A

They are 6-9 degrees hotter than the mean annual temperature of the locality

38
Q

How is water for hot springs warmed?

A

Through cooling igneous rock

39
Q

Where does the water from the hot springs come from?

A

Precipitation that gets heated through thermal heating

40
Q

Where do geysers occur?

A

When there is extensive underground chambers that exist with hot igneous rock

41
Q

In the west ground water gets heat from igneous rocks but what about the east?

A

They get their heat from the geothermal gradient

42
Q

What accumulates near the surface at the geysers?

A

Chemical sedimentary rocks

1) Siliceous sinther
2) Travertine

43
Q

What is cone of depression?

A

When some one pumps the wells to the point that the water table lowers

44
Q

What is an artesian well?

A

A situation where ground water under pressure rises above the level of the aquifer

45
Q

What are the two types of artesian wells and what’s the difference between them?

A

Non-flowing: Pressure surface is below the ground

flowing: Pressure surface is above the ground

46
Q

What is subsidence?

A

When the ground sinks after the water is pumped from wells faster than natural recharge processes can replace it

47
Q

What is salt water contamination?

A

Excessive groundwater withdrawal causes salt water to be drawn into wells.

48
Q

What is a common groundwater contamination problem besides salt water?

A

Sewage, some aquifers with extremely permeable rock can cause ground water to go great distances without being cleaned

Geology: How the Earth Works (11 decks)

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