exam 3 part 2

Question 1

contraction

Answer 1

systole

Question 2

atrial systole

Answer 2

SL close, AV open
-blood to ventricles

Question 3

ventricular systole

Answer 3

-blood to pulm. trunk and a.a.

Question 4

phases of ventricular systole

Answer 4

-isovolumetric contraction (all valves are closed)
-ventricular ejection (SL open AV close)

Question 5

when do chambers fill with blood

Answer 5

diastole

Question 6

early ventricular diastole

Answer 6

isovolumetric relaxation (all valves are closed)

Question 7

late ventricular diastole

Answer 7

atria and ventri8cles fill passively
-av open SL closed

Question 8

what affects output?

Answer 8

preload and afterload

Question 9

what determines prelaod

Answer 9

-stretching when ventricle diastole, venous return, blood in ventricle post systole

Question 10

what is aferload?

Answer 10

pressure the heart has to generate to pump blood out of heart, main source of afterload is the systemic arterial pressure

Question 11

what does hr control

Answer 11

the frequency at which blood is ejected from the heart

Question 12

what affects hr

Answer 12

-medulla ob, sympathetic and parasypathetic activation at the vardiovascular vasomotor control center, neural reflexes (low bp increases hr bc the arterioles constrict), hormones (epi, ne, thyroid)

Question 13

friction btwn blood and vessel wall is?

Answer 13

vascular resistance

Question 14

decrease vessel radius

Answer 14

increase friction and resistance

Question 15

what regulates CO in the body

Answer 15

cardia centers (parasym and sympathetic nervous systems) and the vasomotor center that regulates vessel diameter `

Question 16

what responds to bp changes

Answer 16

baroreceptor reflexes

Question 17

where are stretch receptors in walls?

Answer 17

1. carotid sinuses (to brain)
2. aortic sinuses (monitor systemic circuit)
3. right atrium (moniter end of systemic circuit)

Question 18

what respond to changes in o2, co2, ph

Answer 18

chemorepectors

Question 19

where are peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 19

carotid and aortic bodies

Question 20

where are central chemoreceptors

Answer 20

medulla ob.

Question 21

epi and ne from adrenal medulla will increase co and peripheral vasoconstriction when?

Answer 21

when sympathetic is activates
-this is short term

Question 22

what are long term endocrine mechanisms?

Answer 22

-adh and angiotensin 2

Question 23

adh

Answer 23

increase bp bc cause reabsorb water from tubular fluid in collecting duct of nephron

Question 24

angiotensin 2

Answer 24

decrease renal bp by adh secretion, thirst, peripheral vasoconstriction

Question 25

atherosclerotic lession types

Answer 25

fatty streaks and fibrous atheromatous plaques

Question 26

yellow, thin, enlarging, have macrophages combines with lipid to form foam cells and visible bc macrophages will ingest and oxidize lipoproteins

Answer 26

fatty streals

Question 27

fatty streaks that proliferate into smooth muscle over time, lumen of artery narrows, macrophages cuae inflammation by releasing stuff

Answer 27

fibronous atheromatous plaque

Question 28

components of atherosclerotic plaques?

Answer 28

-SMCs, macrophages, ECM w collagen, elastic fibers, lipids

Question 29

what is below fibrous caps

Answer 29

central core of lipid laden foam cells and fatty debris

Question 30

most arterial occlusions (stop bf to orga/ tissue) are from?

Answer 30

embolus

Question 31

pistol shot, pallor, poikilotherma, pulselessness, pain. paresthesia, paralysis are?

Answer 31

embolus signs

Question 32

atherosclerotic occlusive disease/ peripheral artery disease?

Answer 32

sudden event stopping bf, common in lower extremeties, claudication (pain w walking like calf pain that is releived w rest), thinning of kin and cold foot and has a weak pulse

Question 33

beurger disease causes

Answer 33

thrombus formation due to inflammatory arterial disease -common in medium sized arteries and hands (mostly leg) -chronic inflammation and thrombosing

Question 34

what cuases raynaud?

Answer 34

vasospasms of arteries and arterioles in fingeres and toes -vasoconstriction in response to stimuli

Question 35

what can raynaud cause?

Answer 35

ischemia due to vasospasms, cold, numbness tingling, pallor and syanosis (pale and purple fingers)

Question 36

where do primary varicose veins originate?

Answer 36

superficial saphenois vein

Question 37

where do secondary varicose veins come from?

Answer 37

impaired bf in deep venous channels -DVT

Question 38

sings of varicose veins?

Answer 38

aching in extremeties, edema after standing

Question 39

impaired unidirectional flow of blood and empyting of deep veins that causes stretching of veins, valve ruptures and thrombosis is?

Answer 39

chronic venous insufficiency

Question 40

etiology of chronic venous insufficiency?

Answer 40

increase venous hydrostatic pressure that worsens with standing, incompetent vaalves in veins and DVT