exam 1 pt 2

Question 1

what is dysplasia?

Answer 1

changes inc ell size, shape and organization

Question 2

chronic inflammation and irritation can trigger?

Answer 2

dysplasia

Question 3

is dysplasia reversible?

Answer 3

yes bc it is adaptive

Question 4

when is dysplasia a cancer precurser?

Answer 4

when it penetrates the basement membrane

Question 5

metaplasia is?

Answer 5

one cell replaced by another type

Question 6

cigar cell changes?

Answer 6

ciliated columnar to strat squamous

Question 7

Gerd cell change

Answer 7

strat squamous to ciliated columnar
*barret esophagus

Question 8

what causes cellular edema and power failure in cell>

Answer 8

hypoxic cell injury that deprives the cell of oxygen and stops metabolisms and atp generation

Question 9

what happens when aerobic metabolism stops

Answer 9

no nak pump/ transport, decrease intracellular k, na is stuck inside causing swelling and er dilation

Question 10

stopping aerobic metabolisms from hypoxic cell injury causes

Answer 10

ribosomes to detach from rer (no protein synth), vacuolation, lysosome swelling and mitochondria, ca accumulation in the cell that activates enzymes

Question 11

what happens when hypoxic cell injury uses anaerobic metabolism to get atp from glycogen?

Answer 11

lactic acidosis from ph decrease

Question 12

what do free radicals bond with>

Answer 12

nucleic acids, proteins, lipids nad carbohydrates
-prevents oxidation

Question 13

what is lipid peroxidation?

Answer 13

caused by oxidative stress
-destruction of polyunsat lipids
-damage the membrane and increase permability

Question 14

what is protein alteration?

Answer 14

the fragmentation of the polypeptide chain which causes protein loos, misfolding

Question 15

lipid peroxidation, dna damage, mitochondrial damage and protein alterations are all caused by?

Answer 15

oxidative stress

Question 16

what organs are affected by lead?

Answer 16

kidney, reproduction, musculoskeleta, nervous, RBC, GIT

Question 17

does lead cross BBB?

Answer 17

yes

Question 18

how does lead cause anemia?

Answer 18

it inhibits enzymes in heme synthesis and decreases thier life span

Question 19

how does lead cause granuoles/ basophilic stippling

Answer 19

inhibits rRNA degredation in RBC

Question 20

what makes RBC microcytic and hypochromic?

Answer 20

lead

Question 21

“lead cholic”?

Answer 21

abdominal pain

Question 22

lead affect on kidney?

Answer 22

tubular dysfunction causing glycosuring, aminoaciduria and hyperphosphaturia
-increase bp

Question 23

what does lead do to NS?

Answer 23

demyelinates cerebral and cerebellar white matter and kills cortical cells

Question 24

adult lead NS symptoms?

Answer 24

peripheral demyelinating neuropathy that slows nerve conduction bc of impaired nt release

Question 25

exotoxins harm?

Answer 25

cell ability to make ATP

Question 26

endotoxin cause ?

Answer 26

cell injury and increase capillary permeability which causes edema/ diarrhea

Question 27

inability to repair UV damage?

Answer 27

xeroderma pigmentosum -no nucleotide excision repair enzymes

Question 28

effects of X.P. on skin?

Answer 28

photosensitive (blister), freckles, checkered pigmentation, telangiectasis, increase skin cancer (basal cell carcinoma and melanoma)

Question 29

accumulation of lipids in liver cause?

Answer 29

steatosis (fatty changes in liver)

Question 30

what is the mechanism of lipid accumulation?

Answer 30

increase movement of fatty acid to liver, increase synth of triglycerides and decrease apoprotein synth

Question 31

function of apoproteins

Answer 31

accept lipids

Question 32

is cellular swelling reversible?

Answer 32

yes

Question 33

what happens in hypoxic injury?

Answer 33

no atp made, na stuck in cell, increase osmotic pressure moves water into cell, er distends and ruptures, cisternae make vacuoles (vacuolation)

Question 34

calcification mechanism?

Answer 34

ca leaves mitochondria, acid excreted, oh- made, calcium hydroxide and hydroxyapatite precipitated mixed into salt, ca salt harden and interfere with cell function. structure

Question 35

regular blood calcium levels are associated with>

Answer 35

dystrophic calcification

Question 36

where are the ca deposits in dystrophic calcification

Answer 36

necrotic/ dying tissue

Question 37

atheroscletoric plagues, heart valve damage and pulmonary tb commonly have>

Answer 37

dystrophic calcification

Question 38

where does metastatic calc. happen?

Answer 38

normal undamage tissue

Question 39

hyperthyroidism, phosphate retention in renal failure, vit d intoxication all cause?

Answer 39

hypercalcemia which can cause metastatic calc.

Question 40

low ATP, cell edema, fatty changes in liver, low glycogen store and low protein synths are all?

Answer 40

reversible cell injuries