exam 1 pt 4

Question 1

what is caused by paternal nondisjunction monosmy?

Answer 1

turner syndrome
-that is the etiology

Question 2

what are the manifestations of turners?

Answer 2

-female
-short but proportional
-low sexual development and amenorrhea (no menstruation)

Question 3

Kinefelter etiology?

Answer 3

maternal or paternal polysomy
xxy

Question 4

kinefelter pathogenesis?

Answer 4

testes do not respond to gonadotropin leading to hypogonadism

Question 5

kinefelter manifestation

Answer 5

gynecomastia, low body hair, tall and not propeortional

Question 6

what is in the first 8 wks of prego where organs are suseptable to tertogens?

Answer 6

period of vulnerability

Question 7

growth retardation, CNS impairemet, small palpebral fissures, thing vermillion boder and longer and flat philtrum is caused by?

Answer 7

alc while prego

Question 8

growth retardation, miccrocepthaly, hydrocephaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, pneumonitis, mycocarditis, heart disorder caused by?

Answer 8

infectious agent crossing palcenta

Question 9

sources of folic acid

Answer 9

leafy greens. citrus acid, animal products

Question 10

what does ultasound tell you?

Answer 10

how many, age, size, position, amount of amniotic fluid, placental location and structural abnormalities

Question 11

what can be diagnose with maternal serum screening

Answer 11

trisonomy 21, 13 and 18

Question 12

AFP (alpha fetoprotein) is high?

Answer 12

in NTS open sipina bifeda, anencephaly or anterior abdominal wall defect

Question 13

important chekpoint

Answer 13

g2 to M

Question 14

cyclins, CDK, CDKI are?

Answer 14

proteins in cell cycle

Question 15

CDKI are?

Answer 15

tumor suppressors

Question 16

has slow growth, can regress, resembles parent tissue, well differentiated, has connective tissue capsule, stay local to origin without metastasizing?

Answer 16

benign neoplasm

Question 17

rapid growth, spread, undifferentiated, no parent resemblence, rob nutrients from normal cells, secrete hormones and toxins for inflammatory response, metastasize?

Answer 17

malignant neoplasms

Question 18

3 types of metastasis?

Answer 18

1. direct invasion and extension
2. seeding of cancer into body cavities
3. lymphatic and hematogenous spread

Question 19

when do cancers secrete proteolytic enzymes?

Answer 19

during invasion and extension

Question 20

what body cavities do tumors seed?

Answer 20

pleural, pericardial and peritoneal

Question 21

how do tumors enter systemic circulation?

Answer 21

thoracic duct

Question 22

growth factors and transcription factors are?

Answer 22

proteo-oncogenes
-control normal growth
-“GAS PEDAL”

Question 23

what is a mutated proteo-oncogene?

Answer 23

oncogene
-uncontrolled proliferation

Question 24

RB gene

Answer 24

normally is a tumor suppressor gene but becomes LOF when mutated
-uncontrolled proliferation

Question 25

three steps of carcinogenesis?

Answer 25

1. initiation 2. promotion 3. progression

Question 26

initiation?

Answer 26

exposure to cancer causing agent, cant repair DNA, cells are vulnerable to mutation

Question 27

what is promotion?

Answer 27

a mutated cell getting stimulated to enter cell cycle because of an oncogene

Question 28

what is progression?

Answer 28

mutations accumulate until they become malignant phenotypically

Question 29

hormones released by tumor?

Answer 29

trigger immune response that is unrelated to the metastasis

Question 30

non specific stress response/ general adaptation syndrome stages?

Answer 30

-alarm stage, resistance stage and exhaustion stage

Question 31

what is fight or flight?

Answer 31

alarm stage -SNS

Question 32

when does the body try to restore homeostasis

Answer 32

resistance stage

Question 33

what marks disease onset?

Answer 33

exhaustion stage -damage appears with exhaustion/ illness

Question 34

neurohormones trigger

Answer 34

increase BF, energy, awareness, respiratory, decrease appetite and reproductive function

Question 35

F or F response

Answer 35

high: alert, arousal, HR, BP -vasoconstriction

Question 36

what is a complication of chronic stress?

Answer 36

decrease immune inflammatory response/ susceptible to disease

Question 37

depression, accidents, suicide, chronic alcoholism, drug abuse, eating disorder are?

Answer 37

psychological factors of chronic stress

Question 38

three parts of PTSD?

Answer 38

intrusion, avoidance, hyperarousal

Question 39

flash backs and nightmares are part of?

Answer 39

intrusion

Question 40

avoid relationships, depression and low emotion are part of?

Answer 40

avoidance

Question 41

irritable, cant concentrate, startle reflex, vigilant, paranoid, anxious?

Answer 41

hyperarousal PTSD