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pathophys > exam 1 pt 4 > Flashcards

exam 1 pt 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is caused by paternal nondisjunction monosmy?

A

turner syndrome
-that is the etiology

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2
Q

what are the manifestations of turners?

A

-female
-short but proportional
-low sexual development and amenorrhea (no menstruation)

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3
Q

Kinefelter etiology?

A

maternal or paternal polysomy
xxy

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4
Q

kinefelter pathogenesis?

A

testes do not respond to gonadotropin leading to hypogonadism

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5
Q

kinefelter manifestation

A

gynecomastia, low body hair, tall and not propeortional

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6
Q

what is in the first 8 wks of prego where organs are suseptable to tertogens?

A

period of vulnerability

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7
Q

growth retardation, CNS impairemet, small palpebral fissures, thing vermillion boder and longer and flat philtrum is caused by?

A

alc while prego

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8
Q

growth retardation, miccrocepthaly, hydrocephaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, pneumonitis, mycocarditis, heart disorder caused by?

A

infectious agent crossing palcenta

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9
Q

sources of folic acid

A

leafy greens. citrus acid, animal products

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10
Q

what does ultasound tell you?

A

how many, age, size, position, amount of amniotic fluid, placental location and structural abnormalities

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11
Q

what can be diagnose with maternal serum screening

A

trisonomy 21, 13 and 18

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12
Q

AFP (alpha fetoprotein) is high?

A

in NTS open sipina bifeda, anencephaly or anterior abdominal wall defect

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13
Q

important chekpoint

A

g2 to M

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14
Q

cyclins, CDK, CDKI are?

A

proteins in cell cycle

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15
Q

CDKI are?

A

tumor suppressors

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16
Q

has slow growth, can regress, resembles parent tissue, well differentiated, has connective tissue capsule, stay local to origin without metastasizing?

A

benign neoplasm

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17
Q

rapid growth, spread, undifferentiated, no parent resemblence, rob nutrients from normal cells, secrete hormones and toxins for inflammatory response, metastasize?

A

malignant neoplasms

18
Q

3 types of metastasis?

A
  1. direct invasion and extension
  2. seeding of cancer into body cavities
  3. lymphatic and hematogenous spread
19
Q

when do cancers secrete proteolytic enzymes?

A

during invasion and extension

20
Q

what body cavities do tumors seed?

A

pleural, pericardial and peritoneal

21
Q

how do tumors enter systemic circulation?

A

thoracic duct

22
Q

growth factors and transcription factors are?

A

proteo-oncogenes
-control normal growth
-“GAS PEDAL”

23
Q

what is a mutated proteo-oncogene?

A

oncogene
-uncontrolled proliferation

24
Q

RB gene

A

normally is a tumor suppressor gene but becomes LOF when mutated
-uncontrolled proliferation

25
Q

three steps of carcinogenesis?

A
  1. initiation
  2. promotion
  3. progression
26
Q

initiation?

A

exposure to cancer causing agent, cant repair DNA, cells are vulnerable to mutation

27
Q

what is promotion?

A

a mutated cell getting stimulated to enter cell cycle because of an oncogene

28
Q

what is progression?

A

mutations accumulate until they become malignant phenotypically

29
Q

hormones released by tumor?

A

trigger immune response that is unrelated to the metastasis

30
Q

non specific stress response/ general adaptation syndrome stages?

A

-alarm stage, resistance stage and exhaustion stage

31
Q

what is fight or flight?

A

alarm stage
-SNS

32
Q

when does the body try to restore homeostasis

A

resistance stage

33
Q

what marks disease onset?

A

exhaustion stage
-damage appears with exhaustion/ illness

34
Q

neurohormones trigger

A

increase BF, energy, awareness, respiratory, decrease appetite and reproductive function

35
Q

F or F response

A

high: alert, arousal, HR, BP
-vasoconstriction

36
Q

what is a complication of chronic stress?

A

decrease immune inflammatory response/ susceptible to disease

37
Q

depression, accidents, suicide, chronic alcoholism, drug abuse, eating disorder are?

A

psychological factors of chronic stress

38
Q

three parts of PTSD?

A

intrusion, avoidance, hyperarousal

39
Q

flash backs and nightmares are part of?

A

intrusion

40
Q

avoid relationships, depression and low emotion are part of?

A

avoidance

41
Q

irritable, cant concentrate, startle reflex, vigilant, paranoid, anxious?

A

hyperarousal PTSD

pathophys (8 decks)

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