Exam 3- Mechanisms Of Hormonal Regulation

Question 1

Pineal gland

Answer 1

Secretes one hormone, melatonin.

Question 2

Hypothalamus

Answer 2

Secretes 6 hormones:
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Somatostatin
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Prolactin-releasing factor

Connected to the posterior pituitary by a nerve tracts and to the anterior pituitary by portal blood vessels.

Question 3

Anterior pituitary gland

Answer 3

Releases 7 hormones: 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Leutinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Prolactin

Question 4

Posterior pituitary gland

Answer 4

Secretes 2 hormones:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin

Question 5

Thyroid gland

Answer 5

Secretes 3 hormones:
T3
T4
Calcitonin

Question 6

Adrenal gland

Answer 6

Consists of the adrenal cortex and the adrenal Medela.

Question 7

Adrenal cortex

Answer 7

Part of the adrenal gland. 
Releases 3 hormones:
Aldosterone (mineralcorticoids)
Cortisol (glucocorticoids)
Adrenal androgens

Question 8

Adrenal medulla

Answer 8

Part of the adrenal gland. 
Release catecholamines.
Releases 2 hormones: 
Epinephrine 
Norepinephrine

Question 9

Pancreas gland (islets)

Answer 9

Releases 4 hormones:
Insulin
Glucagon
Amylin
Somatostatin

Question 10

Parathyroid gland

Answer 10

Releases parathyroid hormone.

Question 11

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 11

Alters body fluid osmolality. Releases by posterior pituitary.

Water soluble hormones. Do not need carrier proteins.

Question 12

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 12

Releases by parathyroid gland. Responsible for plasma calcium concentration.

Question 13

Insulin

Answer 13

Release by pancreas. Responsible for blood glucose regulation.

The net effect is to decrease blood glucose concentration and increase synthesis of proteins and fat.

A peptide.

Question 14

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Answer 14

Releases by hypothalamus. Responsible for menstrual cycle regulation.

Question 15

Aldosterone

Answer 15

Released from adrenal cortex. Responsible for extracellular fluid volume and plasma potassium concentration.

A steroid.

Question 16

Water-soluble hormones

Answer 16

Relatively short half-life.
Circulate in free forms.
Bind with cell membrane receptors. Do not need carrier proteins in the blood. Examples are ADH & ACTH.

Question 17

Up-regulation

Answer 17

Action on cell receptors that increase their cellular sensitivity to a certain hormone. Done in response to a low hormone concentrations.

Question 18

Hormone receptors

Answer 18

Proteins

Question 19

Growth hormone

Answer 19

Secreted by the anterior pituitary.
A somatotropic hormone.
Many of the actions are mediated through the effects of insulin like growth factors, which are also known as somatomedins.

A peptide.

Question 20

Lipid soluble hormones

Answer 20

Alter gene expression when the hormone receptor complex binds to the promoter region of DNA.

Need carrier proteins in the blood. Examples are thyroid hormones and steroid hormones.

Question 21

Incretins

Answer 21

Released from the gastrointestinal tract and act to decrease postprandial blood glucose concentration.

Question 22

Cortisol

Answer 22

Released by the adrenal cortex.
Act to increase blood glucose concentration, inhibit inflammation, and caused numerous other effects.
A steroid.

Question 23

Damage to the thyroid gland

Answer 23

Results in increase blood levels of thyroid stimulating hormone and decreased levels of thyroid stimulating hormone. The cells that secrete them no longer receive negative feedback from the thyroid hormones.

Individuals are likely to gain weight and become intolerant environmental cold.

Question 24

Renin angiotensin system

Answer 24

Renin acts on angiotensin which normally circulate in the blood. It converts it to angiotensin one. Then enzymes in the capillaries of the lungs convert angiotensin one to angiotensin II, which stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland to secrete the hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone circulates to the kidneys and causes them to put more salt in water back into the blood. That kidney action increases the blood volume and can increase the blood flow in the kidney blood vessels.

Question 25

Pheochromocytes

Answer 25

Released from the adrenal Medela. Secrete catecholamines: epinephrine and norepinephrine. Catecholamines are responsible for the fight or flight response and hyperglycemia.