Exam 3- Alterations Of Hormonal Regulation

Question 1

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

Answer 1

Characterized by high levels of ADH in the absence of normal Control mechanisms.

Question 2

Interior pituitary adenoma

Answer 2

Usually causes hypersecretion of hormones from the adenoma it’s self and hyposecretion of hormones from the surrounding pituitary cells.

Question 3

Gestational diabetes

Answer 3

Increased risk for type two diabetes later in life.

Question 4

Dawn phenomenon

Answer 4

In type one diabetes. Higher blood glucose in the early morning then in the middle of the night.

Question 5

Cretinism

Answer 5

Caused by untreated congenital hypothyroidism.

Question 6

Autoimmune diabetes

Answer 6

Also called type 1A diabetes. Pancreatic beta cells are destroyed by autoreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

Question 7

Type I DM

Answer 7

A deficit in insulin and amylin, and a relative excess of glucagon.

Patients have severe insolent efficiency, and they have excessive that break down and make Kito asses faster than the body can remove them.

Symptoms: polydipsia, nocturia, polyuria, increased appetite, weight loss, hyperglycemia, glycosuria.

Question 8

Microvascular disease

Answer 8

Refers to destruction of capillaries in diabetes.

Question 9

Macrovascular disease

Answer 9

Accelerated atherosclerosis and diabetes.

Question 10

Cushing disease

Answer 10

Characterized by facial flash, moon face, purple straight guy, pendulous abdomen, easy bruising, supraclavicular fat pad, hyperpigmentation, trunk obesity, then extremities.

Caused by hypersecretion of ACTH. Causes a lipolysis and altered fat distribution.

ACTH excess causes hyperpigmentation because excessive MSH is formed as an alternate cleavage product of the same hormone precursor. MSH stimulates production of melatonin, a skin pigment.

Question 11

Primary endocrine disorder

Answer 11

Is it a target organ problem?

Caused by a problem in the gland that secretes the hormone who’s action is directed toward other tissues rather than to another gland.

Question 12

Secondary endocrine disorder

Answer 12

Is it a control organ problem? (Pituitary or hypothalamus secreting too much or too little stimulating hormone?)

Caused by a problem with the gland that secretes the hormone who’s target tissues are another gland that it stimulates or suppresses.

Question 13

Thyrotoxicosis

Answer 13

Effects of having too much thyroid hormone, I seen and hyperthyroidism.

Question 14

Thyrotoxic crisis

Answer 14

Effects of dangerously high levels of thyroid hormone, with increased fever, extreme tachycardia, and potential death from heart failure or cardiac dysrhythmias.

Question 15

Neurogenic diabetes insipidus

Answer 15

Caused by a problem in the hypothalamus of posterior pituitary that decreases ADH release.

Question 16

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Answer 16

Caused by a problem in the kidney itself that causes insensitivity to ADH.

Question 17

Acromegaly

Answer 17

Occurs with hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults.

Symptoms: enlarged jaw, forhead, tongue, hands, and feet.

Question 18

Giantism

Answer 18

Hypersecretion of growth hormone in children and adolescents whose epiphyseal plates have not yet closed, so these long bones are able to grow.

Question 19

SIADH

Answer 19

Too much ADH from the posterior pituitary. Not diuresing

Symptoms: lethargy, hyponatremia, perhaps seizure, decreased plasma osmolality, concentrated urine.

Question 20

Hypothyroidism

Answer 20

Symptoms: lethargy, Cold intolerance, hoarseness, non-pitting boggy edema around the eyes, coarse hair, decreased body temperature.

Question 21

Pheochromocytoma

Answer 21

Hyper function of the adrenal Medela. A constant firing of catecholamines, so a constant fight or flight response.

Tumors of the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla.

Symptoms: hypertension, tachycardia, palpitations, severe headache, diaphoresis, heat intolerance, weight loss, constipation.

Question 22

Adrenal adenoma causing hypersecretion of androgens in women

Answer 22

Viralization: lack of breast development, hirsutism, increased muscle bulk

Question 23

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 23

Symptoms: polyuria, decreased level of consciousness, who small breathing, acetone smelt of breath, hyperglycemia, decreased blood pH, Ketonuria, glycosuria.

Question 24

Hypoglycemia

Answer 24

Symptoms: tachycardia, diaphoresis, tremor, pallor, confusion, decreased level of consciousness, perhaps seizure.

Question 25

Primary hyperaldosteronism

Answer 25

Symptoms: hypertension, hypokalemia, increased blood pH, increased urine potassium.

Question 26

Diabetes insipidus

Answer 26

Not enough ADH. Kidneys make a lot of dilute urine. Can be neurogenic or nephrogenic in nature. Symptoms: polydipsia, nocturia, polyuria, hypernatremia, increased plasma osmolality, large volume of dilute urine.

Question 27

Addison disease

Answer 27

A primary adrenal insufficiency. Adrenal gland doesn't make enough cortisol and aldosterone, two hormones that normally help maintain circulatory volume. Side effects are lightheadedness. Symptoms: weakness, fatigue, hypotension, anorexia, hyperkalemia, bronze pigmentation, hypoglycemia, elevated ACTH.

Question 28

Type II DM

Answer 28

To be sick and Pondens are insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell dysfunction. Patients make little insulin, which goes to the liver and decreases the formation of ketoacids.

Question 29

Pituitary disease

Answer 29

Failure of the hypothalamus to secrete its usual hormones

Question 30

Dispogenic diabetes insipidus

Answer 30

Excessive water intake that decreases plasma osmolality by overwhelming to ADH mechanisms.

Question 31

Panhypopituitarism

Answer 31

When necrosis or another problem in the anterior pituitary causes deficiency of all its hormones.

Question 32

Prolactinomas

Answer 32

Occur in women. Prolactin secreting tumor's and the interior pituitary. They cause galactorrhea (milk production not associated with childbirth.)

Question 33

Hypoglycemia unawareness

Answer 33

A condition in persons with long-standing diabetes who may develop hypoglycemia without the usual sympathetic nervous system manifestations.

Question 34

Myxedema

Answer 34

Non-pitting boggy edema associated with hypothyroidism.

Question 35

Myxedema coma

Answer 35

Decreased level of consciousness associated with severe hypothyroidism.

Question 36

Goiter

Answer 36

Enlargement of the thyroid gland. A response to increase stimulation by TSH.

Question 37

Primary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 37

Parathyroid makes too much PTH. Takes calcium out of the bones. Makes bones weak. Predisposed to kidney stones.

Question 38

Cushing syndrome

Answer 38

Used for any condition involving chronic exposure to excessive cortisol.

Question 39

Gastroparesis

Answer 39

A complication of diabetes. Due to autonomic neuropathy. A micro vascular problem.

Question 40

Diabetic retinopathy

Answer 40

Microvascular disease and hyperglycemia cause it's beginning of retinal capillary basement membranes, vein dilation, microaneurysm formation, and hemorrhages. Progressive retinal ischemia causes and farts. Eventually, new blood vessels in fibrous tissues form within the retina or optic.

Question 41

Diabetic nephropathy

Answer 41

Kidney damage from diabetes. First manifest as microalbumineria

Question 42

Graves disease

Answer 42

Hyperthyroidism. Involves antibodies against TSH receptor is called thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins. BTS eyes stimulate TSH receptor's on the thyrocytes, causing the thyroid it to secrete excess T3 and T4. Weight-loss with increased appetite. Increased body temperature and tachycardia. Increases metabolic rate.

Question 43

Exopthalmus

Answer 43

Associated with graves disease. Fibroblast located behind I have TSH receptor's. Stimulation of these receptors by the TSI auto antibodies causes enlargement of ocular muscles, accumulation of fat, and Edema that push the eyeballs forward.