Exam 3- Alterations Of Leukocte, Lymphoid, And Hemostatuc Function Flashcards
Lymphadenopathy
Enlarged lymph nodes.
When localized, indicates drainage from areas of information.
When generalized, indicates a malignant or non-malignant disease.
Neutropenia
Lower than normal neutrophil count in the blood.
Pancytopenia
Lower than normal blood counts of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
Leukocytosis
Higher than normal white blood cell count.
Leukopenia
Lower than normal white blood cell count.
Causes increased risk for infection.
Granulocytosis
Higher than normal blood counts of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
Agranulocytosis
Complete absence of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils in the blood.
Eosinophilia
And increased number of eosinophils in the blood.
The most common causes are parasites, toxic foreign particles, and hypersensitivity reactions.
Monocytosis
And increased number of monocytes.
Occurs during the late phase of inflammation
Neutrophilia
And increase number of neutrophils in the blood.
Occurs during the early phase of information.
Leukemia
Cancers of blood-forming clots
All types are characterized by uncontrolled production of white blood cells in the bone marrow that fair by decreases the amount and function of erythrocytes and platelets.
Lymphoblastic
Used to describe a leukemia or lymphoma, and means that the malignant cells are immature.
Thrombocythemia
a rare chronic blood disorder characterised by the overproduction of platelets by megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.
Increases the risk for clotting.
HIT
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia.
When a person develops HIT antibodies, they react with the PF4- heparin complex. The FC end of the antibodies bind to platelets FC receptors, activating the platelets, which release substances that promote clotting. This causes thrombocytopenia by using up platelets to form microclots, extension of previous clots, and new clots.
Platelet factor 4 (PF4)
And activated platelet. Binds to heparin.
Lymph Oma
Cancers of lymphatic tissues.
Lymphocytic leukemia
Arises from the lymphoid cell line that normally produces B and T lymphocytes and natural killer cells.
Myelogenous leukemia
Arises from the myeloid cell line that normally produces granulocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets.
Splenomegaly
Enlargement of the spleen.
Can be secondary to infection and increase the risk for spleen rupture from blunt trauma.
Hypersplenism
Over activity of the spleen in response to splenomegaly.
Arterial thrombi
Composed primarily of platelet aggregates held together by strands of fibrin.
Venus thrombosis
Composed primarily of erythrocytes, greater amounts of fibrin, and fewer platelets.
Antiphospholipid antibody
Auto antibody against plasma membrane components that causes hypercoagulability by binding to platelets and endothelial cells.
M protein
Abnormal antibody released by malignant plasma cells in multiple myeloma.
Factor V Leiden
Genetic mutation that causes hypercoagulability by allowing activated clotting factor Va to remain longer in the bloods
BCR-ABL1 variant oncoprotein
Mutant tyrosine kinase that derives cell proliferation and survival in some types of leukemia.
Philadelphia
Genetic translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 that creates a mutant Pro Tien implicated in CM Al and other types of leukemia.
Infectious mononucleosis
An acute infection of B lymphocytes commonly caused by Epstein bar virus.
Symptoms: pharyngitis, fever, and cervical lymphadenopathy.
Burkett Lymphoma
A rapidly growing be lymphocyte tumor in the jar and facial bones of children in Africa. Associated with Epstein-Barr virus.
AML
Acute myelogenous leukemia
Causes anemia by crowding out the cells that normally make red blood cells in the bone marrow.
Bone marrow depression causes lack of erythrocytes (causing fatigue and anemia), lack of leukocytes (causing fever and infection), and lack of platelets (causing bleeding).
CLL
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Multiple myeloma
Malignant plasma cells. Instead of secreting antibodies, the malignant plasma cells secrete entirely too much of one kind of antibody.
Malignant plasma cells release the abnormal antibody M protein.
Characterized by hypercalcemia and bone lesions because the malignant cells reside in the bone marrow and not in the circulating blood.
Bence Jones proteins can be found in the urine. Presence helps establish a diagnosis.
Clinal disorders
Indicates that leukemias are considered to be the product of a mutated progenitor cell that replicate it self uncontrollably.
Bence Jones proteins
Pieces of antibodies that are excreted in the urine in multiple myeloma. They help diagnose multiple myeloma because they can damage the kidneys.
ALL
Leukemia cells in the bone marrow crowd out the normal cells that make red blood cells, so the bone marrow is unable to make enough red blood cells.
Bone marrow depression causes lack of erythrocytes (causing fatigue and anemia), lack of leukocytes (causing fever and infection), and lack of platelets (causing bleeding).
Hodgkin lymphoma
Immune cells gather in large numbers numbers in lymph nodes which make them swell dramatically. Lymph nodes are nontender because the immune cells are not activated, and they don’t release the inflammatory chemicals that cause pain.
Reed-Sternber cells characteristic on biopsy.
CML
Chronic myelogenous lymphoma.
White blood cells are well differentiated, but they do not function well.
DIC
Disseminated intravascular coagulation. The blood makes so many little clots that it uses up most of the clotting factors.
Involves insufficient activity of activated protein C, which is an endogenous anticoagulant.
Widespread exposure of pre-existing at tissue factor to the blood plus increase expression of tissue factor caused by pro inflammatory cytokines. Did you factor activate the clotting cascade through the extrinsic pathway, causing widespread clotting.
Increased risk for multi system organ dysfunction because of in adequate tissue perfusion and ischemia.
ITP
Immune thrombocytic Purpera
The immune system starts destroying platelets. Not enough platelets to clot, and characterized by purple spots on the skin or blood has eased into the tissue.
Von Willebrand disease
A coagulation disorder
Immune mediated thrombocytopenia
The body makes enough platelets but the immune system attacks them, so they have a shorter survival time.
Protein C
And endogenous anticoagulant.
