Ch 28 Alterations of Erythrocyte Function Flashcards
Polycythemia
Increased number or volume of circulating erythrocytes
Anemia
Decreased number or volume of circulating erythrocytes
Poikilocytosis
Having erythrocutes of diffrent shapes
Anisocytosis
Having erythrocytes of different sizes
Pancytopenia
Decreased number of circulating erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
When plasma volume increases to compensate for anemia, the blood viscosity ___ , which causes blood flow to be ____.
decreases; turbulent
Defective DNA synthesis in bone marrow precursors usually creates erythrocytes that are ____ and normochromic
macrocytic
Folate deficiency anemia is associated with chronic malnourishment and chronic abuse of ____
alcohol
The term megalobalstic anemia indicates that the erythrocytes are _____
macrocytic
The incidence of iron deficiency anemia is (lowest, highest) in women during their reproductive years, and (increases, decreases) after menopause
highest, decreases
Lactoferrin released by neutrophils during bacterial infection (binds, releases) iron thus contributing to (iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease)
binds; anemia of chronic disease
A major contributor to the anemia of chronic kidney disease is (deficiency, excess) of erythropoeitin
deficiency
People who are dehydrated after extensive diarrhea have (absolute, relative) polycythemia; people who have hypercapneic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have (absolute, relative) polycythemia
relative; absolute
Hemolysis from a mismatched blood transfusion is an example of (autoimmune, alloimmune) hemolytic anemia that occurs (intravascularly, extravascularly)
alloimmune; intravascularly
Individuals who have congenital hemolytic disorders typically have a (small, large) spleen
large
What anemias are microcytic-hypochromic
thalassemia, sideroblastic, iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic diseases (sometimes), lead
Remember: “The size is always less”=Thalassemia, sideroblastic, Iron def., anemia of chron. dz, lead
What anemias are normocytic-normochromic
aplastic anemia, posthemorrhagic anemia, sickle cell anemia, anemia of of chronic disease
Remember: “Some crazy apes phone home”=sickle-cell, chronic dz., aplastic, post-hem, hemolytic
What anemias are macrocytic-normochromic
pernicious anemia, folate deficiency anemia
Glossitis
tongue has lost papillae, looks fissured characteristic of iron deficiency anemia
Koilonchia
concave, brittle fingernails, characteristic of iron deficiency anemia
pallor or jaundice in iron deficiency anemia?
pallor due to decreased erythrocyte production
Chromic
refers to hemoglobin content
Cytic
refers to cell size
Sideroblastic anemias are characterized by defective synthesis of ____ and may be acquired or hereditary, in which case they usually have recessive ____ transmission
heme; x chromosome
Myelodysplastic syndrome involves defects in all lines of hematopoietic ____ cells; some persons with this condition develop acute ____
stem; leukemia
Serum ferritin levels are used to evaluate ____ status when diagnosing anemia
iron
Primary acquired aplastic anemia is an ____ disease in which ____ T cells damage the hematopoietic stem cells in the ____ ____
autoimmune; cytotoxic; bone marrow
Release of ____ during chronic inflammations contributes to the anemia of chronic disease by decreasing the availability of ____ and inhibiting erythroid progenitors
cytokines; iron
Congenital hemolytic anemias are caused by ____ defects in erythrocytes, but acquired hemolytic anemias are usually caused by the ____ system
intrinsic; immune
Hemolysis in most inherited hemolytic anemias occurs in the ____by the action of ____
spleen, macrophages
Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia is caused by ____ binding to erythrocytes with subsequent destruction of those erythrocytes in the ____
IgG; spleen
Drug-induced hemolytic anemia from antibiotics usually begins when the antibiotic serves as a ____ and binds to erythrocyte proteins
hapten
Hemolysis that occurs slowly will not cause anemia because bone marrow can increase erythrocyte production up to ____ times its normal rate; jaundice occurs from hemolysis only when heme destruction exceeds the liver’s ability to process and excrete ____
eight; bilirubin
How does chronic kidney disease cause anemia?
Normal kidney secretes erythropoietin to signal bone marrow to make RBCs, in a diseased kidney this does not happen
What causes clotting in polycythemia vera?
Too many RBCs makes the blood thicker and more likely to clot
Why does anemia cause fatigue?
Not enough RBCs to carry oxygen to muscles and body
In hereditary hemochromatosis, how does regular removal of blood protect liver?
Too much blood means too much iron which can cause liver damage
In aplastic anemia, why do the symptoms of infections and bleeds occur before symptoms of fatigue?
WBC and platelets have a shorter lifespan than RBCs
Why does posthemorrhagic anemia cause lightheadedness at first?
There is less fluid, meaning less blood bringing oxygen to the brain
What is happening in hemolytic anemia from antibiotics?
Antibiotic binds to RBC, antibodies mark for destruction in spleen
What is the normal process of absorption of dietary vitamin b12?
Vitamin B 12 binds to intrinsic factor from gastric parietal cells, this complex binds to receptors in the ileum which enables vitamin b12 absorption
What causes pernicious anemia?
Autoantibodies destroy parietal cells, causing decreased intrinsic factor, causing decreased vitamin b12 absorption. Since vitamin b12 is necessary for erythropoiesis, this causes anemia
Why are erythrocytes macrocytic in pernicious anemia?
Vitamin b12 is a cofactor for DNA synthesis, without it division slows and erythrocytes grow larger
How is numbness and tingling related to pernicious anemia?
Vitamin b12 for normal nerve function. demyelination and damage is progressive and irreversible
In pernicious anemia, after vitamin b12 is brought to normal with injections, why do treatments continue?
Body cannot absorb dietary vitamin b12
