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Neuroanatomy > Exam #3: Limbic System > Flashcards

Exam #3: Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general functions of the limbic structures?

A
  • Memory
  • Defense
  • Reproduction
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2
Q

What are the major structures of the limbic system? What are the two major structures of the limbic system?

A
  • Cingulate gyrus
  • Subcallosal gyrus–located below the corpus callosum
  • Parahippocampal gyrus
  • Hippocampus
  • Amygdala
  • Septal area/ nuclei of the thalamus & hypothalamus

**Hippocampus (memory) & amygdala (emotions) are the main regions

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3
Q

What is the gyrus that lies above the corpus callosum?

A

Cingulate gyrus

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4
Q

Describe the shape of the amygdala.

A

Almond-shaped

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5
Q

Where are the septal nuclei?

A

Located on either side of the septum pellucidum in the lateral ventricle

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6
Q

What is the major input into the limbic system that we covered in class?

A

Olfaction via the olfactory tracts

  • **Specifically, the lateral olfactory stria (division of the olfactory tracts) synapse with the
    1) amygdala
    2) primary olfactory cortex i.e. piriform lobe & uncus
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7
Q

What commissure carries olfactory information that crosses over?

A

Anterior commissure (specifically the medial olfactory stria crossover)

**Note that the anterior commissure carries sensory information from the MEDIAL olfactory stria

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8
Q

What is the primary portion of the olfactory cortex?

A

Piriform lobe

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9
Q

What is the entorhinal cortex?

A

Association cortex for olfactory information

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10
Q

In regards to olfaction, where does the thalamus project? What is the function of this area?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex–taste

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11
Q

What is the commissure that connects the two parts of the hippocampus?

A

Commissure of the fornix

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12
Q

What are the different parts of the hippocampus? What is an alternative name for the hippocampus?

A
  • Pes hippocampus
  • Hippoampus proper– CA 1, 2, 3
  • Fornix
  • Dentate Gyrus
  • Subiculum

**The hippocampus is also known as the “Cornu ammonis”

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13
Q

Draw the path of flow through the hippocampus.

A

N/A

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14
Q

What are the different types of memory?

A

Working
Short-term
Long-term
Declarative

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15
Q

What is working memory?

A

Transient holding and processing of new and already stored information e.g. a phone number

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16
Q

What is short term memory?

A

This refers to a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time e.g. facts retained for min or hours with some with reinforcement

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17
Q

What is long-term memory?

A

Memories stored for decades or life via cerebral association areas

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18
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Declarative memory refers to memories that can be consciously recalled such as facts and knowledge; it falls into two main categories

  • Semantics i.e. words/ facts
  • Episodic memory i.e. what you did throughout the day
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19
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

Attaching emotional significance to sensory stimuli

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20
Q

Where do the medial stria of the olfactory tracts project?

A

Septal nuclei of the limbic system

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21
Q

Where do the amygdala and olfactory cortex project?

A

Entorhinal complex or “olfactory association cortex”

22
Q

Where does the entorhinal cortex project?

A

Hippocampus

23
Q

What is unusual about the olfactory pathway?

A

Does not project directly to the thalamus

24
Q

What tract connects the amygdala to the hippocampus? What tract connects the hippocampus to the hypothalamus?

A 
Amygdala= stria terminalis 
Hippocampus= fornix
25
Q

What is the recurrent pathway of the hippocampus? What is the proposed function of this pathway?

A

Subiculum–>entorhinal cortex

*****Possibly implicated in long term memory consolidation

26
Q

What are the three main groups of nuclei in the amygdala?

A

1) Corticomedial
2) Basolateral
3) Central nuclei

27
Q

What nuclei of the amygdala the “input gateway?”

A

Corticomedial

Basolateral

28
Q

What nucleus of the amygdala is the “output gateway?”

A

Central

29
Q

What are the four major inputs into the amygdala?

A
  • Olfactory tracts
  • Orbitofrontal cortex
  • Cingulate cortex
  • Somatosensory cortex
30
Q

What are the two major output pathways from the amygdala?

A

1) Stria terminalis (hippocampus)

2) Ventral amygdalofugal (ventral striatum i.e. nucleus accumbens)

31
Q

What areas have reciprocal connections with the septal area?

A

1) Amygdala
2) Hippocampus
3) Brainstem
4) Hypothalamus
5) Cingulate gyrus

32
Q

What is the function of the septal area?

A

Pleasure/ reward

33
Q

What is the function of olfactory input to the hippocampus that connects to the hypothalamus?

A

Visceral responses to odors

34
Q

What is the function of the olfactory input on the orbitofrontal cortex?

A

Awareness of odors

35
Q

What structure helps to fine-tune olfactory sensitivity?

A

Anterior commissure

36
Q

What is the input gate to the hippocampus?

A

Dentate gyrus

37
Q

What is the output gate of the hippocampus?

A

Subiculum

38
Q

What region of the hippocampus is most vulnerable to anoxia & ischemia?

A

Internal fields of cells i.e. CA1, CA2, CA3

39
Q

What region of the brain is believed to be the trigger zone for temporal epilepsy?

A

Internal fields of cells i.e. CA1, CA2, CA3

40
Q

What is the function of the stria terminalis?

A

Reciprocal connection between the central nucleus of the amygdala with septal area and hypothalamus that modulates visceral responses

41
Q

What does the ventroamygdalofugal pathway connect to?

A

Brainstem

Ventral striatum or nucleus accumbens

42
Q

What is the function of the ventroamygdalofugal pathway?

A

Allows emotions to influence movements

43
Q

What does damage to the amygdala result in?

A
  • Inability to express appropriate behavioral & visceral responses to known stimuli
  • Inability to learn these responses to new stimuli
  • Loss of the ability to read facial expressions
44
Q

What are the major inputs to the septal area?

A

Hippocampus via the forix

Amygdala via the stria terminalis

45
Q

What is the major output of the septal area?

A

Medial forebrain bundle to:

  • Hypothalamus
  • Brainstem nuclei
46
Q

What is the function of the septal area?

A

“Pleasure & reward”

Also, relation of emotions to respiratory, cardiovascular, and salivatory centers/ nuclei

47
Q

What was the major problem with the Papez Circuit?

A

It did NOT include the amygdala as part of the limbic system

48
Q

What part of the brain is the target for benzodiasepines?

A

Limbic System

49
Q

What is an alternative name for Korsakoff Syndrome?

A

Anmestic Confabulatory Syndrome

50
Q

What is the typical cause of Korsakoff Syndrome?

A

Thiamin (B1) deficiency seen in chronic alcoholism

51
Q

What are the symptoms of Korsakoff Syndrome?

A
  • Loss of recent memory compensated for by making up fictitious information to fill the gaps
52
Q

What part of the brain has the most damage in Korsakoff Syndrome?

A

Medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus

Neuroanatomy (36 decks)

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