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Neuroanatomy > Exam #3: Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Exam #3: Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the cerebral cortex is the “new cortex?”

A

Neocortex

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2
Q

What part of the cerebral cortex is the “ ancient cortex?”

A

Allocortex

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3
Q

What structures are part of the allocortex? How many layers are there in the allocortex?

A

Hippocampus= 3 layers
Paleocortex
Mesocortex

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4
Q

What is the paleocortex? How many layers are there in the paleocortex?

A

Primary & secondary olfactory cortex

*****3-5

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5
Q

What is the mesocortex? How many layers are there in the mesocortex?

A

Cingulate gyrus
Insular cortex

**3-6

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6
Q

How do our brains compare to chimps?

A
  • Much more neocortex in humans

**Roughly equal size of primary areas (visual, motor, sensory…etc. but LARGER ASSOCIATION areas that integrate information between the primary areas

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7
Q

How does the layering of the precentral gyrus change as you go posterior into the postcentral gyrus?

A
  • Precentral gyrus/ motor cortex= agranular & thicker
  • Less cortical thickness in the sulcus
  • Postcentral gyrus/ sensory cortex= granular & less thick
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8
Q

What is the isocortex?

A

Same thing as neocortex

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9
Q

What is the difference between homo-typical & hetero-typical cortex?

A

Homotypical= having the same architecture/ layering
- Association areas

Heterotypical= different architecture

  • Motor cortex
  • Sensory cortex
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10
Q

What is the difference between granular & agranular? What region is agranular? What region is granular?

A

Granular= speckled & “salt and pepper” appearance
- Primary sensory cortex

Agranular= smoother appearance
- Primary motor cortex

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11
Q

How are the layers of the cerebral cortex numbered?

A

Layer I is at the top

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12
Q

What is the major cell type seen in the cerebral cortex?

A

Pyramidal cells

  • Basal dendrites & apical dendrites in the cortical layers
  • Axons leave the cortex
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13
Q

What are fusiform cells?

A

Modified granular cell

  • Apical & basal dendrites
  • Axon leaves the cortex and goes to the THALAMUS
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14
Q

What cell types are considered interneurons?

A
  • Stellate
  • Granule–makes the distinction between granular and agranular
  • Basket cell
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15
Q

What are the characteristics of interneurons?

A

Axons run horizontal in the cortex

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16
Q

What are retzius-cajal cells?

A

Cell that occurs in the upper parts of the cortex

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17
Q

What are Cells of Martiontti?

A

Cells that occur in the lower cortical layers

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18
Q

What cells from the cortex form most of the white matter?

A

Pyramidal cells

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19
Q

What are association fibers? List the association fibers.

A

White matter tracts that run within the SAME hemisphere

E.g.

  • Superior longitudinal fasiculus
  • Unciante fasiculus
  • Occiptofrontal fasiculus
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20
Q

What are commissural fibers? List the commissural fibers.

A

White matter tracts that run to the OPPOSITE hemisphere

E.g.

  • Corpus callosum
  • Anterior commissure
  • Posterior commissure
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21
Q

What are projection fibers?

A

White matter fibers that project from the cortex to spinal cord & vice versa

E.g.

  • Posterior limb of the internal capsule
  • Crus cerebri
22
Q

What is the major landmark for the posterior limb of the internal capulse on coronal section?

A

Thalamus

23
Q

Name the six layers of the cortex. What cell types are associated with these layers?

A

I= molecular
- Cells of Cajal

II= External granular
- Granular cells

III= External pyramidal
- Pyramidal

IV= Internal granular
- Granular

V= Internal pyramidal
- Pyramidal

VI= Multiform
- Fusiform cells

24
Q

Describe the shape of the pyramidal cells in the external pyramidal layer and the internal pyramidal layer.

A

External= small to medium sized pyramidal cells

Internal= large sized pyramidal cells

25
Q

What directions do the axons of Layers I & II project? What is the functional implication?

A

Horizontal axonal projections result in integration

26
Q

What direction do the axons of the Layer III project?

A

External pyramidal layer= Output

27
Q

What direction do the axons of the Layer IV project?

A

Internal granular layer= Input

28
Q

What direction do the axons of the Layer V project?

A

Internal pyramidal layer= Output

29
Q

What direction do the axons of the Layer VI project?

A

Mulitform/fusiform layer= Output

30
Q

What cortical layers is expanded in the Primary Motor Cortex?

A

Layer III & Layer V i.e. output layers

  • External Pyramidal Layer
  • Internal Pyramidal Layer
31
Q

What cortical layers are expanded in the Primary Sensory Cortex?

A

Layer II & IV= Input

- Internal Granular Layer= Layer II

32
Q

What are Brodmann’s areas based on?

A

Cytoarchitecture of the gray matter

33
Q

What Brodmann area is the Primary Motor Cortex?

A

Brodmann 4

34
Q

What Brodmann area is the Premotor Cortex?

A

Brodmann 6

35
Q

What Brodmann area is the Frontal Eye Field?

A

Brodmann 6

36
Q

Where is Broca’s Area?

A

Brodmann 45

**In the region of the triangular & opercular gyri of the lateral frontal lobe

37
Q

What does a lesion to Broca’s Area result in?

A

Inability to speak–comprehension is maintained

38
Q

What Brodmann area is the Somatosensory Cortex?

A

Brodmann 3,1,2

39
Q

What Brodmann area is the Somatosensory Association Cortex?

A

Brodmann 5 & 7

40
Q

What Brodmann area is the Primary Visual Cortex?

A

Brodmann 17

41
Q

What Brodmann area is the Visual Association Cortex?

A

Brodmann 18 & 19

42
Q

What Brodmann area is the Primary Auditory Cortex?

A

Brodmann 41

*****Note that this is in the area of the superior temporal gyrus

43
Q

What Brodmann area is the Auditory Association Cortex?

A

Brodmann 42

44
Q

What Brodmann area is the Wernicke’s Area?

A

Brodmann 22

45
Q

What does a lesion to Wernicke’s Area result in?

A

Intact speech without comprehension

46
Q

What Brodmann area is the Cingulate Gyrus?

A

Brodmann 24

47
Q

What was the main cortical structure damaged in the famous Phineas Gage case? What did this result in?

A

Cingulate Gyrus– Brodmann 24

**Cingulate Gyrus= limbic system–resulted in drastic change in personality

48
Q

What is apraxia?

A

Impairment in the performance of learned motor movements

49
Q

What is agnosia?

A

Inability to process sensory information

50
Q

What are the major functions of the left hemisphere?

A

Language

Math

51
Q

What are the major functions of the right hemisphere?

A

Creativity

Intuition

52
Q

What is melodic intonation therapy?

A

Therapeutic process used by music therapists and speech-language pathologists to help patients with communication disorders caused by damage to the LEFT hemisphere of the brain.

*****Speech= LEFT, Song= RIGHT

Neuroanatomy (36 decks)

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