Exam 3: Conflict Flashcards
Intrapersonal Conflict
-Tension within an individual due to incompatible goals (psychological)
Interpersonal Conflict
-Tension between 2 or more individuals or groups who have incompatible goals
Mirror-Image Perception
- Tendency to perceive own actions as desirable and enemy’s actions as despicable
- Contribute to conflict
- Situational (us) vs. dispositional (them) attributions (actor/observer effect)
Mixed-Motive Conflict
- Conflict in which both parties can gain by cooperating but can maximize personal gains by competing
- Cooperate: maximizes joint gains
- Compete: potential for most personal gain, also most personal loss
- Ex: Prisoner’s Dilemma
Prisoner’s Dilemma (Mixed-Motive Conflict)
- A confesses (compete) and B stays silent (cooperate) = A is free and B serves 3 yrs
- Both confess (compete) = both serve 2 yrs
- Both stay silent (cooperate) = both serve 1 yr
- Best outcome is for both to cooperate
- Don’t trust partner, so assume he/she will compete
- Best outcome becomes competing
- Problem is that neither trust one another so both compete (self-fulfilling prophecy)
How to Increase Cooperation
People are more likely to cooperate if…
- Interacting with a friend
- Interacting with individuals instead of groups
- Change the norms of the game to cooperative instead of competition
- Likelihood of future interaction
- Tit for Tat strategy: begin with cooperation and match partner’s choices (shows willingness to cooperate without being exploited)
Negotiation
-Form of communication in which people attempt to resolve conflict with offers and counter offers
Dilemma
- Situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two or more alternatives, especially equally undesirable ones
- People assume this is a zero sum game where one person’s gain is another person’s loss (not the case)
Positional Bargaining
- Negotiation strategy that involves holding on to a position of what you want and arguing for it, regardless of any underlying interests
- Zero sum game where people focus on positions
- Alternative: focus on interests, not positions
- Separate the people from the problem
- Can’t know position without understanding underlying interests
Integrative Solutions (reconciles interests for all rather than positions)
- Expanding the pie: enlarge resources
- Nonspecific compensation
- Logrolling: loss in some issues is traded for gain in others, resulting in overall gain for all parties
- Cost Cutting: specific compensation, you get what you want but cut the other person’s costs
- Bridging: generate a new solution that bridges interests
Commons Dilemma
-Subset of social dilemma
-Situations in which collective noncooperation leads to a serious threat of depletion of future resources
-Mixed Motive Conflict: cooperate = gains for group but compete =
more gains for individual (what’s good for the individual is bad for the group in the future)
-Occurs with any shared or limited resource
Solutions to Commons Dilemma
- Make the cost concrete, vivid
- Monitor consumption
- Make behavior public
- Cognitive dissonance theory (hypocrisy technique)
- Make people aware of norms
- Modeling
- Coercion/regulations
- Increase communication
- Change the payoffs (increase incentives)
- Increase competition for socially appropriate behavior
- Remove barriers
Injunctive norms
-Perception of what people should do
Descriptive Norms
-Perception of what people actually do
